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The problem
Intervention: None; this is an observational study examining the association between toddler diet quality and later childhood growth
Who it was tested with: 1,322 children from the Upstate KIDS prospective cohort study with diet quality assessed at 2.5-3 years and growth outcomes measured at 7-9 years.
Children or communities are compared with a group that did not receive the intervention, or followed over years. This is the design that best separates what the intervention did from everything else that changed.
"Mixed effects models were used to estimate associations with YHEI scaled per five-unit increase, adjusting for maternal age, race/ethnicity, education, insurance status, government assistance, fertility treatment, smoking, parity, pre-pregnancy BMI, child age, sex, plurality, breastfeeding duration, and complementary feeding." This prospective cohort design with extensive covariate adjustment provides observational evidence of association rather than causation, with mixed results across different growth outcomes.
Observational design limits causal inference; dietary data based on maternal recall at specific ages; growth measurements reported via questionnaire; results may not be generalizable beyond Upstate United States population
Across countries and designs
50 studies · 32 countries
