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The problem
Intervention: None—this is an observational longitudinal study examining natural associations, not testing an intervention
Who it was tested with: 103 children aged 11-13 at baseline, followed to young adulthood (approximately 21-23 years old).
The same group is measured before the intervention and again afterwards, with a baseline and an endline and sometimes a midline. Change is visible, but other causes cannot be ruled out.
"One hundred and three participants attended baseline (age 11 – 13) and 10-year follow-up. PE and MD were collected using the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-aged Children, Present & Lifetime Version. Attachment and outcomes were collected using self-report measures. Analysis compared those with PE, MD and PE and MD, to healthy controls." This is a prospective longitudinal comparison study with structured clinical assessment at baseline and follow-up measures in adulthood, meeting criteria for experimental design in observational research.
This is an observational study, not an intervention trial, so causation cannot be inferred. Outcomes measured by self-report only. Sample composition and dropout rates not clearly described. The paper does not explain the unexpected finding that mental disorder alone had no significant effect.
Across countries and designs
27 studies · 24 countries
