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The problem
Intervention: None—this is an observational longitudinal study with no intervention tested
Who it was tested with: 306 children assessed from early childhood (3-5.5 years) through adolescence (15-16 years).
Children or communities are compared with a group that did not receive the intervention, or followed over years. This is the design that best separates what the intervention did from everything else that changed.
"Temperament was assessed at 3-5.5 years, appraisal and coping styles at 11-12 years, and internalizing and externalizing problems at 11-12 and 15-16 years." This longitudinal design with multiple measurement points across development allows examination of predictive pathways from early temperament through preadolescent coping to adolescent outcomes.
This is an observational longitudinal study without an intervention or randomised comparison, so it documents associations and predictive patterns rather than causal effects or efficacy of any treatment. The specific countries and populations are not identified in the available metadata.
Across countries and designs
25 studies · 23 countries
