Search reports, ask a question, or jump to a page.
The problem
Intervention: None evaluated; this is an observational study comparing health outcomes between circumcised and non-circumcised girls
Who it was tested with: Girls aged 5-10 years in kindergartens and primary schools in Khartoum State, Sudan (450 total: 225 circumcised, 225 non-circumcised).
Experience from people who deliver programmes: stories, case studies and lessons learned. Valuable for understanding how and why, and for spotting what to test next, but not a measure of effect.
"Data were collected, after obtaining informed consent from parents and guardians, by direct interview using pre-tested questionnaire. Urine samples were collected from 450 candidates (225 samples from each circumcised and non-circumcised group) for laboratory investigations." The study uses a defined comparison group and laboratory-confirmed outcomes, though the cross-sectional design limits causal inference about the relationship between FGM and UTI risk.
Cross-sectional design cannot establish temporal sequence or causation. No data on comparison group infection rates provided for direct comparison. Other confounding factors affecting UTI rates were not measured or controlled.
Across countries and designs
25 studies · 23 countries
Confirmed by a peer reviewer
A reviewer checked the classification against the source.
claude-haiku-4-5-20251001 · synth-v1
