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The problem
Intervention: None - this is an observational longitudinal study examining natural variation in attachment relationship quality
Who it was tested with: 348 adolescents aged 11-18 years (39.7% male) living with custodial grandmothers.
Children or communities are compared with a group that did not receive the intervention, or followed over years. This is the design that best separates what the intervention did from everything else that changed.
"Bifactor analyses were used to compute orthogonal indices of attachment-related general insecurity, anxious-ambivalence, and avoidance" and "Adolescent grandchildren (n = 348; aged 11 to 18 years, 39.7% male) reported on the quality of their relationship with their custodial grandmother and their internalizing and externalizing symptoms at T1 and T2 (9 months later)." The study uses a longitudinal design with repeated measures over 9 months, which allows examination of predictive relationships between attachment insecurity and adjustment symptoms.
No comparison group; country location not specified; relies on adolescent self-report without triangulation with grandmother reports or clinical observation; attachment constructs derived from bifactor analysis of relationship quality measures rather than validated attachment assessment instruments
Across countries and designs
50 studies · 32 countries