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The problem
Intervention: None - this is an observational study examining the association between social media exposure and offline violence
Who it was tested with: 292 ethnically and socio-economically diverse Dutch youth aged 16-24 years (mean age 19.52).
The same group is measured before the intervention and again afterwards, with a baseline and an endline and sometimes a midline. Change is visible, but other causes cannot be ruled out.
"A total of 292 ethnically- and socio-economically-diverse Dutch youth between 16 and 24 years... participated in a survey study" with "stepwise regression analyses" examining associations. This is a cross-sectional survey without a comparison group or longitudinal follow-up, placing it in the PRE_POST tier as it measures associations at one time point rather than establishing causation.
Cross-sectional design prevents causal inference. No experimental or longitudinal comparison group. Limited to Dutch population.
Across countries and designs
50 studies · 32 countries
