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The problem
Intervention: No intervention was tested; this is an observational study examining associations between digital risk exposure and self-harming behaviour
Who it was tested with: 1,742 adolescents aged 11-16 years from five Indonesian regions (Sumatera, Java, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and Papua).
Experience from people who deliver programmes: stories, case studies and lessons learned. Valuable for understanding how and why, and for spotting what to test next, but not a measure of effect.
"A cross-sectional study was conducted among 1742 adolescents... Data were collected using demographic questionnaires... and multivariable logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with lifetime SHB." This observational design can only identify associations, not causal effects, and therefore cannot evaluate whether interventions addressing digital risks reduce self-harm.
This is a cross-sectional study without a comparison or control group and without longitudinal follow-up, so causality cannot be established. The study does not provide intervention evaluation, only observational associations.
Across countries and designs
40 studies · 42 countries
