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The problem
Intervention: No intervention was tested; this is an observational study examining relationships between childhood psychological maltreatment, core self-evaluation, friendship quality, and bullying victimization
Who it was tested with: Grade 10 students (approximately 15-16 years old) in a high school in Shandong Province, China (n=806).
Experience from people who deliver programmes: stories, case studies and lessons learned. Valuable for understanding how and why, and for spotting what to test next, but not a measure of effect.
"Using a cross-sectional survey design, participants completed measures of childhood psychological maltreatment, core self-evaluation, friendship quality, and bullying victimization." This is an observational study examining associations between variables rather than testing the effectiveness of an intervention, so it cannot determine whether addressing psychological maltreatment would reduce bullying victimization.
Cross-sectional design prevents causal inference; all measures based on self-report; cannot establish temporal precedence of variables.
Across countries and designs
40 studies · 42 countries
