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The problem
Intervention: No intervention was tested; this is an observational longitudinal study examining the natural development of emotional maltreatment and its relations to bullying
Who it was tested with: 2,080 fourth-grade Chinese elementary school children (55.3% boys; mean age 10.18 years).
The same group is measured before the intervention and again afterwards, with a baseline and an endline and sometimes a midline. Change is visible, but other causes cannot be ruled out.
"Participants completed assessments of emotional abuse, emotional neglect, traditional bullying perpetration, and victimization on five occasions, with six-month intervals between assessments" with parallel process latent class growth modeling to identify trajectories, representing a longitudinal observational design that tracks outcomes over time without an intervention or comparison group, though it uses advanced statistical modeling to identify distinct developmental patterns.
The study identifies associations but cannot determine causality. Findings are limited to Chinese elementary school children and may not generalize to other populations. The mechanism linking emotional maltreatment trajectories to bullying is not directly examined.
Across countries and designs
40 studies · 42 countries
