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The problem
Intervention: No intervention was tested; this is an observational study examining natural variation in paternal readiness
Who it was tested with: 126 unmarried Black American fathers in the southeastern United States and their children.
Experience from people who deliver programmes: stories, case studies and lessons learned. Valuable for understanding how and why, and for spotting what to test next, but not a measure of effect.
"Expectant fathers reported prenatally on a series of intrapersonal, relational, and contextual variables... Fathers also reported on their paternal engagement in early infancy... Mothers reported on children's socioemotional competence when they were approximately 12-18 months old." This longitudinal prospective design with multiple time points (prenatal, 3-6 months, 12-18 months) and multiple reporters (fathers and mothers) meets experimental standards by establishing temporal precedence and allowing examination of developmental pathways over time.
Sample limited to unmarried Black American fathers in one region; mediating mechanisms unclear; indirect effects through paternal engagement not supported statistically.
Across countries and designs
40 studies · 42 countries
