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The problem
Intervention: No intervention was tested; this is an observational study examining whether baseline brain functional connectivity patterns modify the relationship between ACEs and the development of psychiatric disorders
Who it was tested with: 6,813 children aged 9-11 years at baseline from 21 US sites, recruited between June 2016 and October 2018.
Children or communities are compared with a group that did not receive the intervention, or followed over years. This is the design that best separates what the intervention did from everything else that changed.
"This cohort study used data from the longitudinal Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study's baseline through 2-year follow-up assessments. A total of 6813 children aged 9 to 11 years at baseline were recruited from 21 US sites between June 1, 2016, and October 31, 2018. Data were analyzed from September 2023 to April 2025." This design tracks children over time with neuroimaging and diagnostic assessments, allowing examination of how brain structure modifies the relationship between early adversity and mental health outcomes.
Observational design cannot establish causation. Measurement of ACEs relied on child and parent reports, which may be subject to recall bias. Generalizability limited to US population. The study does not test interventions to modify brain connectivity.
Across countries and designs
40 studies · 42 countries
