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The problem
Intervention: This is an observational study examining associations between grooming types, family betrayal, and trauma outcomes; no intervention was implemented
Who it was tested with: 342 adult survivors of child sexual abuse who completed an online survey.
Experience from people who deliver programmes: stories, case studies and lessons learned. Valuable for understanding how and why, and for spotting what to test next, but not a measure of effect.
"Path analysis was conducted to examine the direct and indirect effects of grooming types on trauma symptoms through both forms of betrayal." The study identifies associations between grooming, betrayal, and adult outcomes but cannot demonstrate causal intervention effects since it observes naturally-occurring trauma exposure rather than testing an intervention.
Retrospective design relying on adult recall of childhood experiences; cross-sectional analysis cannot establish causality; no control or comparison group; relies on self-reported trauma symptoms
Across countries and designs
22 studies · 17 countries
