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The problem
Intervention: Vaccination programs (routine childhood immunization)
Who it was tested with: Children aged 12-59 months in two urban informal settlements in Nairobi, Kenya (n=32,018).
The same group is measured before the intervention and again afterwards, with a baseline and an endline and sometimes a midline. Change is visible, but other causes cannot be ruled out.
"The study used longitudinal data from the Nairobi Urban Health and Demographic Surveillance System from 2003 to 2017 to estimate full and on-time vaccination coverage and assess inequalities by background characteristics." The study documents improvements in vaccination coverage over time while simultaneously documenting persistent inequalities across wealth and ethnic groups, representing mixed outcomes.
Observational longitudinal study without a comparison or control group; only 46.7% of children produced vaccination cards, introducing potential measurement error and selection bias; findings limited to two specific informal settlements in Nairobi and may not generalize to other settings.
Across countries and designs
11 studies · 7 countries
