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The problem
Intervention: Routine childhood immunization programmes (BCG, DTP3, HepB3, Hib3, MCV2, Pol3)
Who it was tested with: Children aged 0-5 years across countries stratified by income level (high-income, middle-income, low-income).
Experience from people who deliver programmes: stories, case studies and lessons learned. Valuable for understanding how and why, and for spotting what to test next, but not a measure of effect.
"This ecological study (2010-2023) examined associations between vaccine coverage and infant mortality using the WHO/UNICEF data for six childhood vaccines... Associations between vaccine coverage and infant mortality were evaluated using multivariable linear regression models adjusted for national income level." The study used national datasets with regression analysis to examine whether vaccination coverage independently predicts mortality outcomes across countries with varying income levels.
Ecological study design cannot isolate individual-level mechanisms; national-level analysis may mask within-country variation; causation cannot be definitively established; confounding by unmeasured income-related factors affecting child health beyond vaccination
Across countries and designs
11 studies · 7 countries
