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The problem
Intervention: Existing Expanded Programme on Immunization (routine childhood immunization services)
Who it was tested with: Children aged 0-12 months across 514 districts in Indonesia.
The same group is measured before the intervention and again afterwards, with a baseline and an endline and sometimes a midline. Change is visible, but other causes cannot be ruled out.
"We conducted a nationwide longitudinal analysis of the Expanded Programme on Immunization to compare immunization coverage before and after the pandemic." The study measured the same immunization programme across time periods in the same districts without a comparison group, establishing a PRE_POST design. The intervention did not work as intended during the pandemic, as coverage declined substantially in year one.
No comparison group; observational design prevents causal inference; does not examine the specific mechanisms of disruption (e.g., service closures, demand reduction, supply chain issues).
Across countries and designs
11 studies · 7 countries
