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The problem
Intervention: Routine childhood immunisation with six vaccines (DTP3, measles, Hib3, polio, hepatitis B, BCG)
Who it was tested with: Under-five children in 41 least developed countries, 2000-2023.
Children or communities are compared with a group that did not receive the intervention, or followed over years. This is the design that best separates what the intervention did from everything else that changed.
"Six vaccine-specific models were estimated separately using country fixed effects with Driscoll-Kraay standard errors" — this is a quasi-experimental longitudinal panel design with a comparison across countries and time, not a simple before-after study.
The study uses country-level, not individual-level, data, so causal claims about individual children are limited, and effects vary substantially by vaccine and context.
Across countries and designs
1 study · 2 countries
