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The problem
Intervention: This is an observational study, not an intervention evaluation. It examines the longitudinal association between cyberbullying involvement and subsequent self-harm.
Who it was tested with: Year 9 students (13-14-year-olds) from 19 schools in Southwest England (N=1,195).
Children or communities are compared with a group that did not receive the intervention, or followed over years. This is the design that best separates what the intervention did from everything else that changed.
"Multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted to test for associations between different levels of cyberbullying involvement at baseline and the likelihood of self-harm a year later, adjusting for key covariates." The longitudinal design with baseline measurement and one-year follow-up allows temporal ordering to be established, showing that cyberbullying precedes self-harm rather than the reverse.
Cross-sectional baseline data limits ability to confirm causality despite longitudinal follow-up. Self-report measures subject to recall and social desirability bias. Sample limited to Southwest England and Year 9 only. Reverse causation cannot be entirely excluded.
Across countries and designs
14 studies · 11 countries
