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The problem
Intervention: School-based structured physical activity programs, including cognitively engaging exercises such as rhythm-based activities, task-switching drills, and longer-term sustained interventions
Who it was tested with: Primary school children aged 6-12 years.
Children or communities are compared with a group that did not receive the intervention, or followed over years. This is the design that best separates what the intervention did from everything else that changed.
"Eligible studies were randomized or cluster-randomized trials evaluating structured PA programs targeting EF in children aged 6-12 years." The review synthesized evidence from experimental designs with comparison groups, making it EXPERIMENTAL tier evidence, though heterogeneity and moderate study quality suggest caution in interpretation.
Moderate overall methodological quality with common limitations in blinding and protocol transparency; substantial heterogeneity in intervention formats and outcome measures prevented meta-analysis; effects on cognitive flexibility less consistent than on other domains
Across countries and designs
6 studies · 6 countries
