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The problem
Intervention: Measurement of maternal urinary OPFR and OPP metabolite levels during pregnancy to assess exposure
Who it was tested with: 458 mother-child pairs from the Shanghai Birth Cohort, with children assessed at 4 years of age.
Children or communities are compared with a group that did not receive the intervention, or followed over years. This is the design that best separates what the intervention did from everything else that changed.
"Maternal urinary levels of OPFR and OPP metabolites were measured during the first and second trimesters. Left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV) and mass (LVM) were assessed by echocardiography in 4-year-old children. Multivariable linear regression and Bayesian kernel machine regression were used to evaluate individual and mixture effects"; this represents a prospective cohort design with biomarker assessment followed by objective cardiac measurements, meeting experimental tier criteria.
Observational study cannot determine causality; biomarkers measured at discrete timepoints may not capture full pregnancy exposure; unmeasured confounding is possible; results specific to Chinese population.
Across countries and designs
5 studies · 3 countries
