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The problem
Intervention: COVID-19 vaccination
Who it was tested with: 4,144,667 children aged 5-11 years and 3,861,841 adolescents aged 12-17 years across Denmark, Norway, Italy, Luxembourg, Spain, and Portugal.
Children or communities are compared with a group that did not receive the intervention, or followed over years. This is the design that best separates what the intervention did from everything else that changed.
"Using Cox proportional hazard models, VE was estimated as 1 minus the confounder-adjusted hazard ratio of COVID-19 hospitalisation between vaccinated and unvaccinated", with random-effects meta-analysis pooling estimates across six countries, providing a robust comparison of vaccination status against confirmed COVID-19 hospitalisation outcomes.
Study design relies on electronic health registry data which may have incomplete capture of mild cases. Precision of estimates was lower in the 5-11-year-old group. Variant-specific analyses have smaller sample sizes, particularly for the BA.4/BA.5 period.
Across countries and designs
11 studies · 12 countries
