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The problem
Intervention: BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccination (the predominant vaccine during study period)
Who it was tested with: Children and young people aged 5 to under 18 years in England; 9,245,395 eligible individuals, 3,407,560 (36.9%) received first vaccine.
Children or communities are compared with a group that did not receive the intervention, or followed over years. This is the design that best separates what the intervention did from everything else that changed.
"Adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) for all outcomes were estimated by time since a first COVID-19 vaccination during Aug 6, 2021-Dec 31, 2022, adjusting for age, sex, ethnicity, region, deprivation, general practitioner contact frequency, and medication use." The study used a retrospective cohort design with temporal stratification and adjustment for confounders to examine causality between vaccination and rare adverse events.
Study relied on recorded diagnoses in electronic health records which may vary by healthcare-seeking behaviour. The rare nature of outcomes means absolute numbers were small despite large cohort. Study did not include children under 5 years or those not registered with a general practitioner.
Across countries and designs
8 studies · 5 countries
