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The problem
Intervention: Parental/familial support and engagement in promoting physical activity
Who it was tested with: 688 adolescents aged 15-18 years (322 females) from Bosnia and Herzegovina.
The same group is measured before the intervention and again afterwards, with a baseline and an endline and sometimes a midline. Change is visible, but other causes cannot be ruled out.
"The sample included 688 adolescents (15–18 years of age; 322 females) who were tested on two occasions: in January 2020 (baseline; before the COVID-19 pandemic) and in April 2020 (follow-up; during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown)...Variables included PAL...as well as sociodemographic-, parental-, and familial factors." The study measured the same population before and after an intervention period (lockdown) with parental factors as predictors, but lacks a comparison group.
No control group or comparison condition; observational design cannot prove parental factors cause changes in activity; limited to one country and specific pandemic period; unmeasured confounders may influence associations
Across countries and designs
4 studies · 4 countries