The digital environment presents a wide range of benefits to children, whilst also exposing them to various risks, including cyberbullying, harmful content and inappropriate contact with strangers. This report provides an overview of the legal and policy actions that governments, international organisations and other stakeholders have taken to ensure a safe and beneficial digital environment for children. It considers actions taken to keep pace with technological developments, to ensure children can realise the benefits of the digital environment, and to respond to the changing digital risk landscape. The report also informed the revision of the 2012 OECD Recommendation of the Council on the Protection of Children Online, which aims to bring it into line with current and anticipated future needs of children in the digital environment.
At present, very little is known about what might encourage children and teens to limit access to their private information online and to restrict what they share on social media and video sites. Federal and state agencies face challenges encouraging companies to help children, teens, and parents protect their information online. The authors extend previous cognitive defense research by examining (1) effects beyond advertising as applied to information privacy online; (2) not only children’s/teens’ beliefs and knowledge, but also their online privacy decisions; (3) multiple age categories; (4) multiple cognitive defense strategies (educational video, quiz with feedback, or absence of a strategy); and (5) children’s/teens’ motivation to restrict what they share online. Key results indicate significant effects of the quiz and educational video over the absence of a strategy in enhancing favorable online safety beliefs and in restricting online sharing. Findings also demonstrate the role of perceived parental influence and for agencies to offer privacy education campaigns to help empower children to protect their privacy. Implications for policy and privacy research are discussed.
BACKGROUND: The aim of this review was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of antibiotic agents in children with COVID-19, as well as to introduce the present situation of antibiotics use and bacterial coinfections in COVID-19 patients. METHODS: We searched Cochrane library, Medline, Embase, Web of Science, CBM, Wanfang Data and CNKI from their inception to March 31, 2020. In addition, we searched related studies on COVID-19 published before March 31, 2020 through Google Scholar. We evaluated the risk of bias of included studies, and synthesized the results using a qualitative synthesis. RESULTS: Six studies met our inclusion criteria. Five studies on SARS showed an overall risk of death of 7.2% to 20.0%. One study of SARS patients who used macrolides, quinolones or beta lactamases showed that the mean duration of hospital stay was 14.2, 13.8 and 16.2 days, respectively, and their average duration of fever was 14.3, 14.0 and 16.2 days, respectively. One cohort study on MERS indicated that macrolide therapy was not associated with a significant reduction in 90-day mortality (adjusted OR 0.84, 95% CI: 0.47-1.51, P=0.56) and improvement in MERS-CoV RNA clearance (adjusted HR 0.88, 95% CI: 0.47-1.64, P=0.68). According to the findings of 33 studies, the proportion of antibiotics use ranged from 19.4% to 100.0% in children and 13.2% to 100.0% in adults, despite the lack of etiological evidence. The most commonly used antibiotics in adults were quinolones, cephalosporins and macrolides and in children meropenem and linezolid. CONCLUSIONS: The benefits of antibiotic agents for adults with SARS or MERS were questionable in the absence of bacterial coinfections. There is no evidence to support the use of antibiotic agents for children with COVID-19 in the absence of bacterial coinfection.
on behalf of COVID-19 Evidence and Recommendations Working Group, Jianjian Wang, Yuyi Tang et al.
The research "Empowering Children as Resilient Digital Citizens: Navigating Challenges in the Digital Media Landscape" aims to understand the impact of digital technology on children's development and equip them with the skills necessary to become resilient digital citizens. The focus is on 5-18 year olds, highlighting the important role of media literacy in creating a safe online environment. Using PRISMA's 2020 systematic literature review and a survey of 58 parents, the study identified key challenges such as online safety risks and lack of digital literacy, and emphasized the important role of parents, educators and policymakers. The survey results showed 82.8% of respondents were women aged 35-44 years. Most children use smartphones (65.5%) for educational and entertainment purposes. Common digital activities include watching videos (43.1%) and playing educational games (34.5%). Parents teach digital etiquette through regular discussions (69.0%) and monitoring children's online activities. Effective monitoring methods include parental control apps (41.4%) and online activity discussions (39.7%). A literature review revealed clusters of keywords such as "Digital Citizenship," "Social Media," "Digital Education," and "Media Literacy," demonstrating the importance of digital literacy and education. Developed countries such as the US, UK, Australia, Spain, and Canada are showing great attention to digital literacy and child protection. The discussion emphasized the need for a holistic approach involving media literacy, the role of parents, and strong government policies. Parents should be actively involved in children's use of technology, educators need to integrate media literacy into curricula, and policymakers should enforce strict regulations to protect children in the digital world. This approach ensures children are ready to face and use the digital world safely and respo
Children are the blooming flowers of the garden of the society. They are future of the world. But child labour is a bad practice which is still continuing in the modern society. Due to poverty, illiteracy,
his Rapid Review is an attempt to instigate a broader discussion on child labour by considering the various dimensions and angles associated with the phenomenon beyond the straitjacket definitions provided in most reports. Its objectives are threefold. First, it aims to determine whether re-analysis of existing data sets is likely to yield new insights into the forms, prevalence and drivers of children’s work in agriculture in Ghana. Second, it aims to provide specific guidance on how these re-analyses might be undertaken and framed. And third, it aims to determine whether any of the available data sets might be used to map the number or density of children to the main agro-ecological zones or agricultural systems. In doing this, the review describes the nature of child work in the agricultural sector, highlighting areas that have often been ignored in the literature. The conclusion offers suggestions for future research on child labour based on our renewed understanding of the broad concept of child work.
It would appear that COVID-19 has thwarted all of the efforts made by the Indian government to provide children with improved opportunities in terms of both their education and their lives. There has been a global rise in the number of students who drop out of school due to a variety of factors, including the unavailability of online education and the precarious financial circumstances of their parents. At that age, children are supposed to be learning, playing, studying, and dreaming about what they want to be in the future. However, child labour robs them of the opportunity to learn, play, study, and dream about what they want to be in the future, and it forces them to work hard both physically and mentally for a meagre wage.
The objective of the study is to analyse impact of corona virus in child labour in India. Covid-19 pandemic has created a big challenge in front of the world and India its negative impact on the economy has also created the possibilities of an increase in child labour. One impact would be an increase in the number of child workers. Along with the health crisis, and the economic and labour market shock that the pandemic has generated, the vulnerability of millions to child labour is another issue that merits serious attention. Already, there are 152 million child labourers worldwide. Despite the prohibition of engagement of children below the age of 14 in all occupations, India alone is home to 10.1 million child labourers in the age group 5-14 years Census 2011. As per the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy’s (CMIE) weekly tracker survey, the impact of COVID-19 has already pushed the urban unemployment rate to 30.9% as on April 5, which was 8.21% on March 15 estimates show that about 400 million informal workers in India may not get back their livelihood status for a longer period in the near future KEYWORDS:- Child labour, Covid-19, Health, Unemployment, Work
Child labour refers to the exploitation of minors through any type of employment that robs them of their youth, prevents them from attending a regular school, or is detrimental to their mental, physical, social, or moral development. Child labour enriches minors and infringes their rights. MGNREGA lacks funding but offers unskilled labour. By utilizing women's self-help groups and microfinance, UBIS hopes to eradicate child labour in rural areas by 2025. Prioritizing knowledge production and evidence translation, rescuing and rehabilitating labourers, and implementing free education are essential. By 2025, governments have to prioritize law enforcement, coordinated policies, and small labour rights. Over 75% of Indians are farmers, and large-scale income strategies like MGNREGA and agro-based enterprises are needed to reduce child labour and poverty. By 2025, UBIS, increased budgets, social safety nets, and stronger public policy are needed.
Child labour is a critical issue in artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) in the Democratic Republic of Congo. The case of Kolwezi in Lualaba is of interest because the area is known as the capital of cobalt, a strategic mineral for the transition to a low-carbon economy. Since 2017, global demand for cobalt has been soaring and this raises the question of working conditions in the ASM. This paper attempts to provide a deeper understanding of the phenomenon of child labour in artisanal cobalt mining. The objective is to analyse the political and socio-economic drives of child labour in Kolwezi. By drawing on the current state of the literature and reports on child labour in the mines, as well as field survey, we investigate the social, political, and economic causes of child labour. Results suggest that children's involvement in the artisanal labour market is caused by poverty status, parental conceptions, income inequalities and market imperfections. The implication is that a holistic approach is required to effectively address the problem of child labour. Such an approach must consider both the situation of the child and the household where child labour occurs. The study emphasizes the importance of sensitization of parents and a holistic approach in all initiatives to eradicate child labour in ASM. Key words: child labour, ASM, critical modern slavery, pivotal child.
Kusimwa Batano Godelive, Martin Doevenspeck, Morisho Mwanabiningo Nene
