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Perspectives from the UK: Children and agricultural health and safety
OPINION article Front. Public Health, 03 November 2022Sec. Children and Health https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.1049150
Sally Shortall
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OPINION article Front. Public Health, 03 November 2022Sec. Children and Health https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.1049150
Sally Shortall
The accelerated growth of online engineering has amplified both possibilities and risks for children in a digital environment. In 2024-2025, Malaysia has inaugurated legal transformations with the enactment of Cyber Security Act 2024 and Online Safety Act 2025; and the amendment of Communications and Multimedia (Amendment) Act 2025, Penal Code (Amendment) 2025, and Personal Data Protection (Amendment) Act 2024. The main purpose is to enhance protections facing harmful content and digital exploitation. This paper aims to examine the extent of the online safeguards for child safety under the newly introduced digital legislation in Malaysia and to compare them to those of the Australian Online Safety Act 2021 and the United Kingdom Online Safety Act 2023. The paper concludes that Malaysia should consider few highly effective initiatives impose in the Australian and the UK digital regimes including an integrated regulatory authority, risk assessments specific for children safety and stringent take down rules to be closer with international standards and practices in online child protection.
Mazlina Mohamad Mangsor, Mazlifah Mansoor, Noraiza Abdul Rahman
School-based fire safety education programs are implemented by fire services organisations around the world to improve children’s fire safety knowledge and skills. Such education is considered the single most modifiable strategy that fire services organisations can implement to reduce the risk that children will misuse fire or be harmed by fire. Despite this, there are no overarching and evidence-based guidelines for the development of new programs or the evaluation and modification of existing ones. To fill this void, a rapid evidence assessment of existing literature was conducted. Results revealed 25 evidence-based practices that held true in a variety of contexts and methodologically diverse studies. These practices inform an empirical framework that can be used to guide fire safety education programs for children.
Kamarah Pooley, Sonia Nunez, Mark Whybro
Foster care case managers are responsible for the wellbeing of foster youth in the foster care system. Teens (ages 13-17) in foster care are most vulnerable to serious risks, such as sex trafficking. Such risks have been heightened by the advent of internet-based technologies that connect foster youth with unsafe others at unprecedented frequency and speed. This thesis examines how case managers tackle the challenge of online safety as it relates to adolescents in the foster care system in the United States. I conducted 32 semi-structured interviews with case managers who worked with foster teens (ages 13-17) within the past 5 years. After each interview, I transcribed the recording and conducted qualitative data analysis to identify emerging themes. I found that foster teens face numerous online risks with sexual-related risks (e.g., sex trafficking) and contact-related risks (e.g., unsolicited contact) being most prominent. However, case workers may not be prepared to address all of these challenges because of lack of online safety training and support from foster parents. Also, case workers are overburdened with many responsibilities that make online safety a secondary priority. This thesis identifies the gaps in which case managers are trained and highlights the need for more support to handle online safety challenges. Therefore, this thesis recommends that the foster care system must place a higher priority in establishing support groups and collaborative training among foster parents, case workers, and foster children to fully manage foster youth online safety.
Denielle Abaquita
PURPOSE: Adults and children with intellectual disability (ID) are vulnerable to preventable morbidity and mortality due to poor quality healthcare. While poor quality care has been commonly identified among children with ID, evidence of the patient safety outcomes for this group is lacking and therefore explored in this review. DATA SOURCES: Systematic searches of six electronic bibliographic research databases were undertaken from January 2000 to October 2017, in addition to hand searching. STUDY SELECTION: Keywords, subject headings and MeSH terms relating to the experience of iatrogenic harm during hospitalisation for children with ID were used. Potentially relevant articles were screened against the eligibility criteria. Non-English language papers were excluded. DATA EXTRACTION: Data regarding: author(s), publication year, country, sample, health service setting, study design, primary focus and main findings related to measures of quality and safety performance were extracted. RESULTS OF DATA SYNTHESIS: Sixteen studies met the inclusion criteria, with three themes emerging: the impact of the assumptions of healthcare workers (HCWs) about the child with ID on care quality and associated safety outcomes; reliance on parental presence during hospitalisation as a protective factor; and the need for HCWs to possess comprehensive understanding of the IDs experienced by children in their care, to scientifically deduce how hospitalisation may compromise their safety, care quality and treatment outcomes. CONCLUSION: When HCWs understand and are responsive to children's individual needs and their ID, they are better placed to adjust care delivery processes to improve care quality and safety during hospitalisation for children with ID.
Laurel Mimmo, Reema Harrison, Reece Hinchcliff
In today’s world, the Internet has become a regular part of our youth’s life. Forward-thinking teachers can no longer ignore the incredible potential of utilizing Web 2.0 tools and social media in an educational context. Embracing the possibilities of online interaction is one of the steps towards raising technologically savvy adults, but for this to happen responsibly, it is imperative that we consider the issue of online safety and privacy. Teaching young children to behave responsibly online can be a difficult task due to the serious and often dry nature of the subject matter. Literature in the field demonstrates the importance of taking a different approach when teaching young ones how to become better digital citizens. This project addresses this issue as it offers a response to the critical question, ‘How can intermediate teachers effectively reach their students and inform them about online safety, privacy and citizenship in a fun and engaging way?’ The ensuing eWarrior workshop was developed as a blended learning opportunity composed of a child-friendly website populated by lighthearted characters and an accompanying workbook. Through a series of varied and interactive hands-on tasks, the eWarrior crew guides students in a quest towards better digital citizenship so that they too may become eWarriors. Activities align with the BC Ministry of Education’s Grades 3 to 6 Curriculum as well as with the Core Competencies for those grades. Several printable materials are available as well as a walkthrough guide for teachers. Initial feedback was very positive, with respondents asserting they believed the website and activities had met the goals of the project, and many teachers hoping to try the workshop with their classes in the coming year.
Angela C. Jurgensen
This article examines the governance of digital sex work and online sexual content through the lenses of critical criminology, critical security studies, and digital labour studies. Focusing on key legislative frameworks – including SESTA/FOSTA (US), the UK Online Safety Act, and the EU Digital Services Act – it demonstrates how policies ostensibly designed to combat trafficking and protect children instead expand surveillance, financial exclusion, and algorithmic governance, exacerbating the marginalisation and criminalisation of sex workers. Rooted in ‘creeping neo-abolitionism’, these laws function as carceral digital governance, reinforcing exclusion through automated content moderation, biometric tracking, and platform policing rather than providing meaningful protections. Digital harms, whether stemming from AI-generated pornography or platform regulation, are fundamentally labour issues that cannot be addressed through punitive, carceral frameworks. Instead, this article advocates for a shift toward harm reduction, community-led interventions, and policies that uphold sexual autonomy and labour rights. At the same time, technology is not solely a tool of repression; it also enables networks of care, digital solidarity, and alternative infrastructures for sex worker resistance. A radical reconfiguration of ‘online safety’ is essential: one that challenges dominant legal and technological apparatuses and centres sex workers’ agency and expertise.
Athena Michalakea
The usage of Internet by children is increasing, both with regard to the number of children going online and time spent on Internet, as well as it became a dominant and primary channel through which they communicate with one another. It is obvious, that ICTs can open a door to a better future for children, offering greater access to learning, interests contents and other benefits that can help them fulfil their potential, but in addition to that, the expansion of availability and accessibility of ICTs has also created a number of threats to person’s and especially to children’s safety, who are particularly vulnerable to ICT-facilitated crimes or cybercrimes.1 While increased and more frequent usage of ICTs entails a heightened risk of infringements on privacy and safety for all users, children are at particular risk, as they often do not fully understand the threats associated with these technologies, especially when it comes to sharing of personal information, photos or videos. Each EU country has own law system based on its historical and cultural aspects, but cybersecurity is qually important for all of them. It proves the fact that cybercrimes were recognized as one of the EU Policy Cycle’s priorities and a special role in this list belongs to improving the safety of children online. The main aim of this priority is combating child sexual abuse (CSA) and child sexual exploitation (CSE), including the production and dissemination of CSAM and CSEM. The aim of the article is to identify main threats to children’s safety in cyberspace and to evaluate the EU’s normative acts which put an order in this problem for promoting the understanding of the EU security policy and to evaluate opportunities of cyberspace improvement for children’s safety. To achieve the mentioned aim, further tasks are settled: to analyze ICT solutions, international legal acts, and tools, which provide the opportunity for the EU's police organizations to enhance the possibility to detect, investigate and prevent CSA and CSE in cyberspace; to provide recommendations for improving methods of detection, investigation and prevention of CSA and CSE in cyberspace; to reveal what can be improved in the field of international police cooperation in order to ensure successful detection and investigation of CSA and CSE in cyberspace.
Aurelija Pūraitė, Natalja Prokofjeva
Today we are witnessing the active introduction of information technologies in all spheres of life, which has led to an increase and reproduction of the digitalisation risks. This requires the state to form a society with high digital literacy. The authors studied digital literacy of students of grades 1-8 of secondary schools in Yakutsk and their parents within assessing digital literacy level of the population in Russian regions, assessed their knowledge of security bases in network space. The main method of collecting information was an online questionnaire. In the course of the study the competence levels in the field of searching for information on the Internet through search engines, computer skills, the digital consumption indicators of children and parents, the social networks use, the goods and services consumption, the multimedia content production, etc., were defined. The authors noted a low digital security level and an average digital competence level in indicated population category having a quite high digital consumption level. The study showed that there are large gaps in the knowledge of both children, adolescents, and parents. Thus, the digital competences development relevance among population was demonstrated.
Aiza Borisovna Neustroeva, L. D. Filippova
Children from single-parent families may face greater challenges related to both internalized and externalized difficulties compared to those raised in two-parent households. The digital age adds further risks, with the need to protect children from online threats such as sexual harassment. This study examines parental mediation and response strategies in the context of child online sexual harassment, focusing on differences between single-parent and two-parent families. A nationally representative quantitative survey was conducted within the deSHAME2 project in Croatia, which involved 1,667 parents of school-age children. Using structured questionnaires and validated measurement scales, the study explored how parents engage in internet safety discussions with their children, their level of concern about online harassment, and the specific actions they take when faced with such incidents. Data were analyzed using nonparametric statistical methods, including the Mann-Whitney test and Spearman’s rank correlation. Findings reveal that while single-parent and two-parent households adopt largely similar parental mediation strategies and responses to online risks, parents in two-parent families were more likely to engage in discussions with their children when a problem was identified. These results suggest that parenting behaviors such as communication, monitoring, and readiness to act may play a more significant role in child online protection than family structure alone. By highlighting these patterns, the study emphasizes the importance of systematic education and support programs for all parents. Fostering proactive parental involvement in and open communication about online safety remain essential steps in reducing children’s exposure to digital risks, regardless of family composition.
Roberta Matković, Lucija Vejmelka, Tomislav Ramljak