Adolescent marriages and pregnancies are a great risk for both mother and baby, they can cause morbidity and mortality as well as psychiatric problems. Presentation of the cases of a girl who did not know her real date of birth and age, and a newborn who gave birth after a difficult and invasive delivery. Adolescent marriage and child motherhood is abuse that hinders growth, development and well-being. Both mother and newborn should be considered as child abuse, the event should not be normalized. These children should be treated as child abuse and psychiatric examination should be provided for each of them.
Child marriage is undeniably a problem caused by many factors. It is a harmful practice towards childern, especially toward girl, yet the practice is widespread and often supported by the society. Religious court is accused to be the fertilizer of the practice because it's decision show the easyness of granting marriage dispensation lawsuit. The court is demanded to reject the lawsuit, even in the condition of adolescent preganancy because it will harm the child. Then, there are two side causing the dilemma, a side that absolutely reject the practice of child marriage to protect child right. A side that allow child marriage in the sake of preventing zina and preserving offspring. It is concluded that child marriage is not a way to prevent zina. Because a child is not in ideal condition to have sexual intercourse nor to get pregnant. Permitting child marriage to prevent zina is a violence that prohibited by the religious norm. While, permitting child marriage based on the adolescent preganancy is a way to safe the lineage of the unborn baby. However, the marriage may be canceled or divorced after the baby was born if it is considered harmful for the child.
Background: In the adolescent phase, teenagers experience very high curiosity about various things. In this modern era, teenagers can easily access information and try new things, for example, sexual relations outside marriage. Cases of early marriage due to out-of-wedlock pregnancies have increased recently. This research was conducted to determine the attitudes of young women towards early marriage due to pregnancy out of wedlock. The Method in this research is a descriptive method with a qualitative approach. Qualitative methods are used to explain a phenomenon in depth. The data collection technique used is literature study, namely by reviewing various literature that is relevant to the issues in this research. Results and Discussion: Factors causing premarital sex include low knowledge, the minimal role of parents, partner influence, friend influence, and exposure to pornographic content. Based on several previous studies, there are still young women who do not know the impact of early marriage due to pregnancy outside of marriage. Conclusion: The attitudes shown by young women tend to be positive if their level of knowledge is also good. Adolescence is a transition phase in individual development. Recently, cases of sex outside marriage have often occurred, which can result in early marriage due to pregnancy outside of marriage. The level of knowledge of young women regarding early marriage varies. Providing education to young women can increase the positive attitudes of teenagers regarding early marriage due to pregnancy outside of marriage.
Child marriage remains common even where female schooling and employment opportunities have grown.We introduce a signaling model in which bride type is imperfectly observed but preferred types have lower returns to delaying marriage.We show that in this environment the market might pool on early marriage even when everyone would benefit from delay.In this setting, offering a small incentive can delay marriage of all treated types and untreated nonpreferred types, while programs that act directly on norms can unintentionally encourage early marriage.We test these theoretical predictions by experimentally evaluating a financial incentive to delay marriage alongside a girls' empowerment program designed to shift norms.As predicted, girls eligible for the incentive are 19% less likely to marry underage, as are nonpreferred type women ineligible for the incentive.Meanwhile, the empowerment program was successful in promoting more progressive gender norms but failed to decrease adolescent marriage and increased dowry payments.
Nina Buchmann, Erica Field, Rachel Glennerster et al.
ABSTRACT Objectives To describe temporal trends in child marriage between 1990 and 2019 in a rural sub-district of Bangladesh and characterize relationships between age, time to pregnancy, complications during delivery, and perinatal mortality. Design Health and demographic surveillance system. Setting Baliakandi sub-district, Bangladesh. Participants 56,155 female residents. Main outcome measures Annual proportion of marriages to female residents under 18 years of age, time between first marriage and pregnancy, proportion of births with complications during delivery, and odds of perinatal mortality. Results Between 1990 and 2010, the proportion of marriages to female residents under 18 years of age decreased from 71% to 57%. Most notably, marriages to females aged 10 to 12 years dropped from 22% of all marriages to 3%. In 2019, 53% of all marriages were to females under 18 years. The estimated time between first marriage and pregnancy did not differ by female age at marriage. By 365 days after marriage, the cumulative incidence of pregnancy was approximately 50% for each age group. Adolescent girls were more likely to experience complications during delivery with at least one complication reported for 36% of mothers aged 13 to 15 years, 32% of mothers aged 16 to 17 years, and 23% of mothers aged 18 to 34 years (χ 2 test, P<0.001). Compared to adults, births among females aged 13 to 15 years were more likely to result in stillbirths (odds ratio 2.23, 95% confidence interval 1.19 to 4.16) and births among females 16-17 years were more likely to result in early neonatal deaths (odds ratio 1.57, 95% confidence interval 1.01 to 2.42). Conclusions Child marriage persists in Baliakandi. Over half of all marriages were to child brides and only minor reductions were seen over the past decade. Pregnancies were common among adolescent girls with no evidence of delayed pregnancy after marriage. Compared to adults, adolescents were more likely to experience complications during delivery and perinatal death. Preventing child marriage has substantial social and health benefits for girls and, by doing so, will also contribute to Bangladesh’s commitment to reduce child mortality.
Kyu Han Lee, Atique Iqbal Chowdhury, Qazi Sadeq-ur Rahman et al.
Introduction: Early marriage may compromise the reproductive health of adolescent girls. Youth empowerment through the Youth Information and Counseling Center (PIK-R) needs to be done, in order to increase awareness of adolescent girls about their reproductive right. This study aimed to analyze the effect of empowering the Youth Information and Counseling Center (PIK-R) group using the Emo Demo method on early marriage independence among adolescent girls.Method: Design of this study used a quasi-experimental design with one group pretest-posttest design. Thirty adolescent girls from The Youth Information and Counseling Center (PIK-R) group were selected by simple random sampling. The research variables were the Emo Demo method and early marriage independence. Research instruments used Emo Demo module and questionnaire of early marriage independence from the previos study by Purwanti et al. The data were analyzed descriptively to determine the frequency distribution of early marriage independence before and after the intervention. Furthermore, data analysis used Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test to assess the effect of youth empowerment through the Youth Information and Counseling Center (PIK-R) among adolescent girls. Results: The result of this analysis showed that the empowerment of Youth Information and Counseling Center (PIK-R) group using the Emo-Demo method have a significant impact on the early marriage independence among adolescent girls with p=0.001. Conclusions: Empowerment of the Youth Information and Counseling Center (PIK-R) group using the Emo-Demo method increases awareness of the potential that adolescents have and the desire to develop it so that they can achieve independence. Keywords: empowerment, adolescent, marriage, PIK-R(Youth Information And Counseling center)
Dwi Purwanti, Rijanto Rijanto, Tatarini Ika Pipit Cahyani et al.
Abstract: We discuss the shift in program modalities during COVID-19 within the Scheme for Adolescent Girls and Kanyashree Prakalpa (SAG-KP) Convergence Program in the state of West Bengal, India. Field insights as well as available program data from the Child in Need Institute's (CINI) intervention areas revealed that strict lockdowns and restricted unlocking phases during the pandemic led to changed program pathways—from offline/in-person activities to online adolescent group discussions and health message dissemination, plus counselling services through social media and telephone. Prolonged school closures impelled the adolescent girls to undertake vocational/skill-based training, including kitchen garden work to supplement their nutritional needs. The circulation of key messages through online groups also helped in preventing child marriages. Important lessons learned from the lockdown phase are that adolescent girls can benefit from regular contact and regular online/offline sessions or workshops.
Arpita Banerjee, Arnab Karar, Nilanjana Ghosh et al.
Effectively addressing issues related to adolescent children being out of school and vulnerable to harmful practices is essential for advancing SDG 3-5. This study aimed to assess the prevalence, trends, and future projections of adolescent child vulnerability. We analyzed data from 386 datasets spanning 106 countries, encompassing 1,292,258 adolescent girls year 1990- 2023. Bayesian methods were employed to estimate prevalence, trends, and future projections. Sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America & the Caribbean showed a high prevalence of child marriage and early childbirth. Overall, these indicators decreased from 1990 to 2023, but recent years have seen increases in some countries. Projections for 2025 to 2030 suggest that changes in rates will occur in some countries, while most are expected to remain stable. The disparities are in underscore ongoing public health challenges. These issues risk derailing progress towards SDG targets of eliminating harmful practices and ensuring universal access to quality education. Addressing these challenges demands coordinated efforts from countries and the global community to implement effective interventions and strategies.
BACKGROUND: Child marriage, defined as marriage before 18 years of age, is a violation of human rights and a marker of gender inequality. Growing attention to this issue on the global development agenda also reflects concerns that it may negatively impact health. We conducted a systematic review to synthesize existing research on the consequences of child marriage on health and to assess the risk of bias in this body of literature. METHODS AND FINDINGS: We searched databases focused on biomedicine and global health for studies that estimated the effect of marrying before the age of 18 on any physical or mental health outcome or health behaviour. We identified 58 eligible articles, nearly all of which relied on cross-sectional data sources from sub-Saharan Africa or South Asia. The most studied health outcomes were indicators of fertility and fertility control, maternal health care, and intimate partner violence. All studies were at serious to critical risk of bias. Research consistently found that women who marry before the age of 18 begin having children at earlier ages and give birth to a larger number of children when compared to those who marry at 18 or later, but whether these outcomes were desired was not considered. Across studies, women who married as children were also consistently less likely to give birth in health care facilities or with assistance from skilled providers. Studies also uniformly concluded that child marriage increases the likelihood of experiencing physical violence from an intimate partner. However, research in many other domains, including use of contraception, unwanted pregnancy, and sexual violence came to divergent conclusions and challenge some common narratives regarding child marriage. CONCLUSIONS: There are many reasons to be concerned about child marriage. However, evidence that child marriage causes the health outcomes described in this review is severely limited. There is more heterogeneity in the results of these studies than is often recognized. For these reasons, greater caution is warranted when discussing the potential impact of child marriage on health. We provide suggestions for avoiding common biases and improving the strength of the evidence on this subject. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The protocol of this systematic review was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020182652) in May 2020.
Objectives: In Senegal, the dominant social norm upholds virginity before marriage and edifies abstinence for adolescents as a cardinal moral value. Currently, sex outside of marriage remains socially condemned. The onset of sex for adolescent girls born with HIV in Senegal brings up several challenges. In Dakar, initiatives, especially through digital applications, are being developed to support these young people. These programs are much rarer in rural settings. A study conducted in 2021 explored how adolescent girls born with HIV who live outside of Dakar experience sexuality, what socio-health constraints they face, and what support they receive from the healthcare system. Method: An anthropological study titled 'Treatment Failure among Children and Adolescents Living with HIV in Senegal, Outside Dakar' (ETEA-VIH, ANRS 12421) was conducted in 2021 in 14 regional hospitals and health centers. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 87 HIV-positive children and adolescents, 95 parents/guardians, and 47 health care workers. Adolescent girls' onset of sexuality was specifically analyzed for 40 adolescent girls age 12-19 years old. Results: Generally, parents feign oblivion about their children's sexual lives. Mothers dread a pregnancy out of marriage because they are responsible for overseeing sex education and would be 'blamed' for the transgression. The occurrence of an unintended pregnancy can lead to exclusion from the family and a risk of transmitting HIV to the child due to the lack of medical and social support. HIV remains a stigmatizing disease that families keep secret. The risk of disclosure is a major concern. Despite sexual and reproductive health (SRH) programs, most healthcare workers are reluctant to discuss sexuality or to offer contraception to adolescent girls. Information spaces have been set up in some regional hospitals by associations trained in SRH. They are rarer in health centers. Accessibility to digital applications and discussion forums is limited due to the lack of smartphones and Internet access. Conclusion: In rural settings, HIV-positive adolescent girls are confronted with the silence that surrounds sexuality and HIV. An individualized approach and confidential access to contraception should be prioritized to support them with assistance from PLHIV associations.
Gabrièle Laborde-Balen, Maimouna Diop, Khoudia Sow et al.
