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The problem
Intervention: Positive parenting in childhood
Who it was tested with: 2,039 children aged 3-15 in the Future of Families and Child Wellbeing Study (46.7% Black, 26.5% Hispanic, 19% White non-Hispanic).
The same group is measured before the intervention and again afterwards, with a baseline and an endline and sometimes a midline. Change is visible, but other causes cannot be ruled out.
"Home threat, community threat, and parenting were measured from ages 3 to 9 (2001-2010). Epigenetic age acceleration was assessed at ages 9 and 15 (2007-2017)." The study tracked the same children over time with measurements at multiple points, comparing parenting quality and community threat against later biological markers of aging, representing a longitudinal pre-post design.
Observational study without experimental control; cannot establish causation; protective effect of positive parenting was limited to low-threat environments, reducing applicability in high-stress contexts
Across countries and designs
4 studies · 5 countries
