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The problem
Intervention: HPV vaccination programmes, including both school-based and clinic-based delivery approaches
Who it was tested with: Parents or guardians of girls aged 9-14 years in Tanga City, Tanzania (n=409).
Experience from people who deliver programmes: stories, case studies and lessons learned. Valuable for understanding how and why, and for spotting what to test next, but not a measure of effect.
"A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 409 parents or guardians... Data were collected using structured interviewer-administered questionnaires. Descriptive statistics determined uptake, while bivariate and multivariate logistic regression were used to identify predictors of HPV vaccine uptake." The study documents current uptake levels and identifies demographic and service-delivery factors associated with parental acceptance, providing evidence for programme improvement but not for causal inference about intervention effectiveness.
Cross-sectional design cannot establish causation; findings are specific to Tanga City; the study does not explain mechanisms behind unexpected associations (e.g., why proximity to vaccination points was associated with lower uptake); knowledge and attitudes were not significantly associated in multivariate analysis, suggesting unmeasured or contextual factors may be important.
Across countries and designs
3 studies · 3 countries
