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The problem
Intervention: Adoption of authoritative parenting style
Who it was tested with: Preschool-aged children (3-6 years) in Jakarta, Indonesia; 382 parents surveyed (mean child age 60.4 months, 50.5% boys).
Experience from people who deliver programmes: stories, case studies and lessons learned. Valuable for understanding how and why, and for spotting what to test next, but not a measure of effect.
"A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2023 among 382 parents of children aged 3 to 6 years enrolled in kindergartens in Jakarta. Data were collected using self-administered questionnaires, including the Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ) and the Index of Child Care Environment (ICCE). Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the association between authoritative parenting style and adequate caregiver stimulation." The study measures association between parenting style and stimulation outcomes in a defined population with quantitative analysis, but lacks experimental controls or temporal sequencing to establish causation.
Cross-sectional design cannot establish causation. Study is limited to Jakarta kindergarten-enrolled families, limiting generalizability. No comparison group or randomization; self-reported data may be subject to bias.
Across countries and designs
2 studies · 1 country
