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It is estimated that half to three‐quarters of all women with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are undiagnosed. Boys are more likely to be given an ADHD diagnosis (13.2%) than girls (5.6%). Girls are also diagnosed, on average, 5 years later than boys (boys at age 7, girls at age 12) (Foley, 2018).
Anne Walters
Pernikahan anak secara luas diakui sebagai pelanggaran hak anak, namun remaja di banyak daerah pedesaan tetap sangat rentan. Data dari Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) Indonesia dalam “Laporan Statistik Pemuda Indonesia” 2024 menunjukkan bahwa 21,49% anak muda di Indonesia menikah pada usia 18 tahun atau lebih muda, 18,55% menikah dalam kelompok usia 16-18 tahun, sedangkan 2,39% menikah sebelum usia 16 tahun. Meskipun penelitian global telah dilakukan secara ekstensif, bukti empiris tentang pengalaman hidup remaja putri di pedesaan Indonesia, khususnya di Jawa Barat, masih terbatas. Studi ini mengeksplorasi pengalaman remaja putri yang terdampak pernikahan anak di Desa Sukaharja, Sariwangi, Tasikmalaya, Indonesia. Dengan menggunakan desain deskriptif kualitatif, data dikumpulkan melalui wawancara mendalam, observasi partisipan, dan tinjauan dokumen. Lima remaja putri yang dipilih secara purposif, yang semuanya telah menjalani pernikahan agama yang tidak terdaftar, berperan sebagai informan kunci. Data dianalisis secara tematik untuk mengidentifikasi pola dan wawasan utama. Temuan menunjukkan bahwa perkawinan anak terkait dengan kerentanan sosial ekonomi dan rendahnya pencapaian pendidikan, yang dipicu oleh kehamilan di luar nikah, rasa malu sosial, dan sanksi adat. Konsekuensinya meliputi putus sekolah, kurangnya sertifikasi formal, pengucilan sosial, dan masa depan yang tidak pasti. Persepsi masyarakat bervariasi, dipengaruhi oleh adat istiadat setempat, media sosial, dan pendidikan kesehatan reproduksi yang terbatas. Temuan ini menyoroti perlunya intervensi terkoordinasi, termasuk penyebaran Undang-Undang No. 16/2019, pembentukan forum perlindungan anak, dan pengembangan inisiatif desa ramah anak, yang menyediakan strategi berbasis bukti untuk melindungi remaja di pedesaan Indonesia.
Bambang Rustanto, Tuti Kartika, Aryohaji Istyawan et al.
Abstract Background Child marriage is a violation of children’s rights and it exposes them to social isolation and psychological damages. These negative effects are not limited to them and expands to the family and society as well. The present research aimed at determining the knowledge and viewpoint of adolescent girls regarding child marriage, its causes and consequences in the city of Tabriz-Iran, in 2020–2021. Methods This cross-sectional study was carried out on 300 adolescent girls who had records in the health centers in the city of Tabriz. The data were collected using the sociodemographic characteristics questionnaire, questionnaire of knowledge, and view of adolescent girls regarding child marriage, and its causes and consequences. The multivariate logistic regression model with adjusting the sociodemographic characteristics was used to determine the relationship between the viewpoint of adolescent girls about child marriage and their knowledge in this regard. Results The mean (SD) knowledge about child marriage was 6.70 (3.09) (score range: 0–11). The majority of the girls (85.4%) were against marriage before the age of 18 and only 16 girls (5.1%) of them agreed with marriage before the age of 18. Investigating the viewpoint of adolescent girls regarding the causes of child marriage revealed that the important issue leading to reduction of child marriage can be “intellectual, emotional, social, and economic maturity of girls plus their physical puberty (92.4% agree), increase in the girls’ education (79% agree) and increasing girls’ awareness regarding the consequences of early marriage in schools and media (69.6% agree). Illiteracy or lack of education of parents (64% agree), meeting the emotional needs (59.3% agree), family problems and conflicts (59.6% agree), and lack of exhilaration in daily life, especially in the rural regions and suburbs (58.3% agree) were among the reasons of increase of child marriage. The most important consequence of child marriage from the viewpoint of the girls is deprivation from the chance of education. The results of multivariate logistic regression model by adjusting the possible confounding variables, showed that girls who believed the appropriate age for marriage is under 20 were almost 13 times more likely to agree with child marriage than girls who believed the appropriate age for marriage is over 20 years (aOR = 13.82; 95% Cl 2.61–71.16 p = 0.002) and girls who opposed their parents’ decision to marry under the age of 18 were less likely to agree with the child marriage than girls who did not oppose their decision (aOR = 0.09; 95% Cl 0.01–0.63 p = 0.016). Conclusions The results revealed a good level of knowledge and negative attitude to child marriage among the girls. The girls who disagreed with child marriage were more knowledgeable than the girls who agreed with child marriage. Thus, the increase of the level of knowledge of girls and their families regarding the consequences of early marriage and developing the culture for correcting the cultural beliefs and wrong social beliefs to prevent child marriage can decrease this damage to a great extent.
Somayyeh Naghizadeh, Mojgan Mirghafourvand, Azam Mohammadi et al.
In Indonesia, marriage age reform has been implemented by raising the minimum age limit to 19 years as an effort to prevent child marriage. However, in practice, this reform faces dispensations that were initially designed as emergency exceptions but have instead become the primary mechanism of implementation, normalising exceptions and shifting the logic of protection to procedural compliance. This article analyses the transformation of these dispensations and their implications for girls' reproductive health rights at the grassroots level. Using a qualitative juridical-empirical approach with a case study in Nyawangan Village, Tulungagung, data were collected through interviews with KUA officers, health workers, and village officials, as well as observations and document reviews. Framed by the Effectiveness of Law theory, the article reveals that dispensations operate as the practical face of reform through routine administrative processes, driven by social, economic, and institutional pressures, with minimal substantive intervention. As a result, considerations of reproductive health and the psychosocial readiness of girls are often overlooked, creating a gap between procedural legality and substantive protection. This article recommends reinstating dispensations as high-threshold exceptions, subject to strict evidentiary standards, standardised health assessments, and cross-institutional coordination focused on delaying marriage. The implication is that marriage-age reform must be firmly embedded at the normative level and supported by governance that truly centres on the best interests of girls.
Khofifah Indah Imas Syuroya, Nilna Husnayain
Child marriage impacts the low quality of the family, both viewed from the unpreparedness psychologically in facing social issues and household economics. It also triggers the occurrence of domestic violence. To analyze the factors that influence child marriage among female adolescents in South Bengkulu Regency. This research is quantitative research using a cross-sectional research design, data were collected using questionnaires from 286 respondents with accidental sampling technique. Data analysis was carried out with univariate analysis, bivariate using the Chi-Square test and multivariate using linear logistic regression test. Research Results: Education has a significant effect on child marriage in South Bengkulu Regency with p-value 0.000 <0.05 and chi square 286 > 5.99. Economic status has a significant effect on child marriage in South Bengkulu Regency with p-value 0.020 <0.05 and chi square 207.2 > 5.99. Knowledge has a significant effect on child marriage in South Bengkulu Regency with p-value 0.004 <0.05 and chi square 149 > 5.99. Parenting style has a significant effect on child marriage in South Bengkulu Regency with p-value 0.025 <0.05 and chi square 221.4 > 3.84. The most dominant factor influencing child marriage in South Bengkulu Regency is the education factor with the highest coefficient value (B) of 2.690 and p-value 0.000 <0.05. It is advisable to provide counseling to adolescent children, especially at the secondary school level, so they are not tempted to enter into early marriage so that these children obtain good information about the impacts of child marriage.
Yeti Indarni, Susilawaty Susilawaty, Tuti Rohani et al.
Abstract Background Despite child marriage receiving increased attention over the past two decades, research on child marriage in humanitarian settings remains scarce. This study sought to quantify child marriage among Somali adolescent girls residing in Kobe refugee camp in Ethiopia and to identify its correlates and consequences. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted using multi-stage cluster-based sampling with probability proportional to size. We randomly sampled households that have at least one female aged 15–49 and at least one adolescent female aged 10–19. In addition to calculating the proportion of girls married under age 18, we used survival methods – namely Kaplan Meier graphs and Cox proportional hazard models – to identify risk factors associated with child marriage in this context. We also used descriptive statistics to describe marital age preferences among female adults and presented measures of important sexual and reproductive health indicators among married adolescent girls. Results A total of 603 adult women were surveyed and a household roster was created with information on 3319 household members, of whom 522 were adolescent girls aged 15–19. Of those, 14% were currently married (95% Confidence Interval [CI] 0.11–0.18), and 11% were ever married under age 18 (95% CI 8–15%). Several variables were found to be significantly associated with hazard of child marriage including schooling, sex and employment status of head of household, as well as number of girls under age 18 in the childhood home.. Adult women tended to incorrectly identify minimum legal age at marriage and preferred low marital age for boys and girls – particularly in households of child brides. Among married adolescent girls, contraceptive use was very low (11%; 95% CI 4.94–22.40), and early childbearing was common (60%; 95% CI 45.56–72.89). Conclusions This research contributes to the evidence base on child marriage in humanitarian settings. Insights generated from this study have the potential to inform programs and interventions aiming to prevent and mitigate the impacts of this harmful practice.
Shatha Elnakib, Kara Hunersen, Janna Metzler et al.
Education is the fundamental concept in order to attain human potential, to develop an equitable and just society, thereby providing universal access to quality education and also in promoting national development. The global education development agenda reflected in the Goal 4 (SDG4) of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, adopted by our nation in 2015 itself seeks to "ensure inclusive and equitable quality of education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all" by 2030. NEP 2020 provides for setting up a Gender Inclusion Fund (GIF) to build the nation's capability to provide equitable quality education for all girls. But Girls education is a big challenge to India and it is also very difficult to develop the girls socially and economically as child marriage is one of the biggest obstacle. Though NEP offers an equity model in giving education, most of the girls are forced to marry at an early age which results in a plethora of problems such as health issues, personality development, and empowerment of women and so on. If we look into the dominant factors that lead to child marriage we can list out the issues of poverty, unemployment, economic backwardness, and superstitious beliefs among the lead factors. We can also notice the typical stereotypical issue of gender-based violence in imparting education to young girls. Poor and uneducated families usually favor boys when they deviate their mind in investing for education. In some places, schools do not meet the safety, hygiene or sanitation needs of girls. This paper focuses on analyzing the New Education Policy 2020 in addressing the girls education and the challenges of the child marriage which is one of the barrier to achieve the goal being set up by SDG4.
Dr. Akshatha Paranjyothi Kumar
This report presents results from the final evaluation of a social, health, and economic asset-building program implemented by the Lebanon-based non-governmental organization (NGO) Basmeh & Zeitooneh (B&Z) and aimed at reducing the social isolation of vulnerable adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) aged 10–21 years old living in the Shatila and Burj al Barajneh refugee camps in South Beirut. The program sought to help girls gain the skills and knowledge they need to avoid child marriage and adolescent pregnancy and to make a healthy transition to adulthood despite the numerous challenges they face. The program focused on two sub-populations of girls at heightened risk of poor health and social outcomes: 10–15- year-old girls who are out of school and 13–21 year-old girls who are married. The report presents findings from the most recent iteration of this program, which took place in two phases—Round 2 between May and September 2022 and Round 3 between November 2022 and March 2023—and built upon a previous round of the program—Round 1—which was also conducted in partnership with Population Council (between May and September 2021).
Rima Mourtada
<span><span>This study examines the relationship between child marriage and female secondary education across countries from 2000 to 2023. Using publicly available data from UNICEF, UNESCO, and the Child Marriage Data Portal, I analyzed country-level indicators including child marriage prevalence (% of women aged 20–24 married before 18), female secondary school completion, GDP per capita, and urbanization. Preliminary analyses show that higher rates of child marriage are associated with lower female secondary enrollment and completion, a relationship that persists even after controlling for economic and urbanization factors. Comparisons between early (2000) and late (2022) years suggest that the negative association remains relatively stable over time, with slight variations across regions. Regression results indicate that a one-percentage-point increase in child marriage corresponds to approximately a -1.17 percentage point change in female secondary completion, holding GDP and urbanization constant. These findings underscore the importance of addressing child marriage as a barrier to female education and highlight policy implications for governments and NGOs working to improve educational access for girls. The study contributes to the broader understanding of how social and economic factors interact to influence educational outcomes for young women globally.</span></span>
Riddhi Ganesh
Introduction: Child marriage (early marriage) refers to a marital union in which one or both partners are still categorized as children or adolescents under the age of 19 years. Child marriage can lead to negative consequences for both physical and psychological health. Considering that adolescents are digital natives, the utilization of mobile health technology offers a relevant, interactive, and easily accessible educational solution. This study aimed to examine the effect of mobile health–based education on adolescent girls’ knowledge of child marriage. Methods: This study employed a pre-experimental one-group pretest–posttest design involving 43 adolescent girls selected using stratified random sampling. Data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test. Results: Prior to the health education intervention, most adolescent girls demonstrated a low level of knowledge, with 40 respondents (93.02%). After receiving mobile health–based education, the majority showed a good level of knowledge, with 36 respondents (83.72%). Statistical analysis indicated a significant difference in knowledge levels before and after the intervention (p = 0.000; p < 0.05). Conclusion: Mobile health–based health education had a significant effect on improving adolescent girls’ knowledge of child marriage.
Dian Purnama Yanti, Nurlathifah N Yusuf, Baiq Disnalia Siswari
