Executive Functions (EFs) are a mental process dealing with organizing of ideas, \nfeelings and actions, thoughtful thinking, emotional control,cognitive flexibility,setting goals, \nplanning, engaging, remembering, and executing information effectively, prioritizing things and \nworking step by step to achieve success. EFs skills are more important than IQ and EQ. This \n2-6 year period is an important time to develop EFs skills for children, which includes 5 skills. \n1) memory used 2) restraint 3) flexibility 4) emotional control 5) planning and organizing. \nThis is the basis of the skills that every human being must use and influence life success.
The purpose of this academic article is to present the selection of storybooks for early childhood children, which must consider the ability to promote the development and imagination of early childhood children, and must consider children of each age who are able to receive knowledge and interests are different, because fairy tales are considered an important helper for parents and teachers in raising early childhood children, because in addition to providing fun, fables also provide knowledge and ideas that include morals and ethics. It is crucial to consider a child's age, interest, perception, and skill when determining whether or not a fairy tale is acceptable for young children. As a result, there is a genuine advantage to children's learning in that they will start to identify tales from seen sights and heard sounds as they gradually come to understand the meaning of the words until they can connect the two. In addition to learning the facts and tales that make the literature interesting to read, memorize them. As a result, selecting tales to help young children develop their skills will also strengthen their relationships with their parents and teachers, who have been telling tales to children since they were still in the womb. Additionally, selecting tales that are age-appropriate will be able to effectively support the development of the kids in all areas.
BACKGROUND: Nigeria has a high proportion of the world's underimmunised children. We estimated the inequities in childhood immunisation coverage associated with socioeconomic, geographic, maternal, child, and healthcare characteristics among children aged 12-23 months in Nigeria using a social determinants of health perspective. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review to identify the social determinants of childhood immunisation associated with inequities in vaccination coverage among low- and middle-income countries. Using the 2018 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (DHS), we conducted multiple logistic regression to estimate the association between basic childhood vaccination coverage (1-dose BCG, 3-dose DTP-HepB-Hib (diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, hepatitis B and Haemophilus influenzae type B), 3-dose polio, and 1-dose measles) and socioeconomic, geographic, maternal, child, and healthcare characteristics in Nigeria. RESULTS: From the systematic review, we identified the key determinants of immunisation to be household wealth, religion, and ethnicity for socioeconomic characteristics; region and place of residence for geographic characteristics; maternal age at birth, maternal education, and household head status for maternal characteristics; sex of child and birth order for child characteristics; and antenatal care and birth setting for healthcare characteristics. Based of the 2018 Nigeria DHS analysis of 6,059 children aged 12-23 months, we estimated that basic vaccination coverage was 31% (95% CI: 29-33) among children aged 12-23 months, whilst 19% (95% CI:18-21) of them were zero-dose children who had received none of the basic vaccines. After controlling for background characteristics, there was a significant increase in the odds of basic vaccination by household wealth (AOR: 3.21 (2.06, 5.00), p < 0.001) for the wealthiest quintile compared to the poorest quintile, antenatal care of four or more antenatal care visits compared to no antenatal care (AOR: 2.87 (2.21, 3.72), p < 0.001), delivery in a health facility compared to home births (AOR 1.32 (1.08, 1.61), p = 0.006), relatively older maternal age of 35-49 years compared to 15-19 years (AOR: 2.25 (1.46, 3.49), p < 0.001), and maternal education of secondary or higher education compared to no formal education (AOR: 1.79 (1.39, 2.31), p < 0.001). Children of Fulani ethnicity in comparison to children of Igbo ethnicity had lower odds of receiving basic vaccinations (AOR: 0.51 (0.26, 0.97), p = 0.039). CONCLUSIONS: Basic vaccination coverage is below target levels for all groups. Children from the poorest households, of Fulani ethnicity, who were born in home settings, and with young mothers with no formal education nor antenatal care, were associated with lower odds of basic vaccination in Nigeria. We recommend a proportionate universalism approach for addressing the immunisation barriers in the National Programme on Immunization of Nigeria.
Sarah V Williams, Tanimola Makanjuola Akande, Kaja Abbas
Purpose: This study examines the challenges of early childhood development in the digital screen era at Al A'raaf Islamic Kindergarten. The purpose of this study is to determine the challenges of early childhood development in the digital screen era. Methodology: The research method used a qualitative approach with a descriptive qualitative model. Data were collected through observation and interviews with 5 teachers and 5 parents at Al A'raaf Islamic Kindergarten. Data analysis techniques used three steps, namely data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. Results: The results showed changes in motor, cognitive, language, and social-emotional aspects, such as poor motor coordination, low concentration, delayed speech, decreased emotional control, and limited interaction with friends.Applications/Originality/Value: Not only were there negative effects, but there were also positive effects, namely that children could easily recognize colors, letters, and numbers and enrich their vocabulary if digital screens were used according to rules and age appropriateness. It can be concluded that there are not only negative effects, but digital screens can also have positive effects if accompanied by time management, parental guidance, and quality content.
This dataset was produced within the ECD-FI (Early Childhood Development Friendly Index) project (IMAPI - in Portuguese) between 2018-2020. It contains the list of all 5,570 Brazilian municipalities codes, a general performance index (IMAPI), and five indices related to each domain of the Nurturing Care Framework: Good Health, Adequate Nutrition, Responsive Caregiving, Opportunities for Early Learning, and Security and Safety. These indices were calculated based on 31 main indicators (spanning the five domains) and 13 additional indicators, based on 2016 values and following a rigorous process involving data acquisition and engineering, weighting scores, and validation by domain experts. IMAPI is intended to be used as a supportive tool for assessing the performance of each Brazilian in relation to the offering of an adequate environment for early childhood development.
Introduction: Universal Health Coverage (UHC) is a critical goal under the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for health. Achieving this goal for reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health (RMNCH) service coverage will require an understanding of national progress and how socioeconomic and demographic subgroups of women and children are being reached by health interventions. Methods: We accessed coverage databases produced by the International Centre for Equity in Health, which were based on reanalysis of Demographic and Health Surveys, Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys and Reproductive and Health Surveys. We limited the data to 58 countries with at least two surveys since 2008. We fitted multilevel linear regressions of coverage of RMNCH, divided into four main components-reproductive health, maternal health, child immunisation and child illness treatment-to estimate the average annual percentage point change (AAPPC) in coverage for the period 2008-2017 across these countries and for subgroups defined by maternal age, education, place of residence and wealth quintiles. We also assessed change in the pace of coverage progress between the periods 2000-2008 and 2008-2017. Results: Progress in RMNCH coverage has been modest over the past decade, with statistically significant AAPPC observed only for maternal health (1.25, 95% CI 0.90 to 1.61) and reproductive health (0.83, 95% CI 0.47 to 1.19). AAPPC was not statistically significant for child immunisation and illness treatment. Progress, however, varied largely across countries, with fast or slow progressors spread throughout the low-income and middle-income groups. For reproductive and maternal health, low-income and lower middle-income countries appear to have progressed faster than upper middle-income countries. For these two components, faster progress was also observed in older women and in traditionally less well-off groups such as non-educated women, those living in rural areas or belonging to the poorest or middle wealth quintiles than among groups that are well off. The latter groups however continue to maintain substantially higher coverage levels over the former. No acceleration in RMNCH coverage was observed when the periods 2000-2008 and 2008-2017 were compared. Conclusion: At the dawn of the SDGs, progress in coverage in RMNCH remains insufficient at the national level and across equity dimensions to accelerate towards UHC by 2030. Greater attention must be paid to child immunisation to sustain the past gains and to child illness treatment to substantially raise its coverage across all groups.
Agbessi Amouzou, Safia S Jiwani, Inácio Crochemore‐Silva et al.
Immunisation is crucial to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals for maternal and child mortality reduction. As Africa marks the 50th anniversary of implementing immunisation programmes, it is imperative to review progress, address challenges and strategise for the future. Using available programme data, this article examines the progress made in achieving the immunisation milestones in the region, describes the success factors and lessons learnt and makes recommendations on how to immunise every African child in the coming years. The article concludes that despite significant improvements in childhood immunisation coverage, the region still falls short of global targets, with disparities across countries. Contributing factors include, among others, weak health systems, rapid population growth without corresponding increases in service delivery, vaccine hesitancy, inadequate sustainable financing and disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Moving forward, efforts to attain the global immunisation coverage milestones should focus on building on the past progress, addressing the COVID-19 setbacks, leveraging new technologies and securing sustainable immunisation funding. This can be achieved by accelerating the implementation of the Immunization Agenda 2030 and the Addis Ababa Declaration on Immunization commitments. The support of all stakeholders including political leaders, public health professionals, the vaccine industry, regional organisations, academia, donors and healthcare workers is essential for this noble endeavour.
Amos Petu, Balcha Masresha, Charles Shey Wiysonge et al.
Early childhood development (ECD) is crucial for better health and well-being throughout life, but few studies have examined how ECD relates to child malnutrition. This is mainly due to lack of reliable and disaggregated data on ECD. We estimated the prevalence of ECD delays (communication, fine motor, gross motor, problem-solving and personal-social) and examined how different ECD domains were associated with child nutritional status in urban Ethiopia. Using a community-based cross-sectional survey design, 627 mother-child (12-36 months old) pairs were included in the study. The ECD was assessed using the Age and Stage Questionnaire (ASQ-3), and the nutritional status was assessed using anthropometric measurements. The association between the ECD domains and nutritional status was analysed using ordinal logistic regression, adjusting for confounding variables. Delays in ECD domains were common, especially in fine motor domain (41.9%); and more than half of the children were stunted (52.8%). Stunting and underweight were associated with ECD delays, while wasting was not. Accordingly, stunted children were more likely to have worst ECD delays in fine motor (odds ratios [OR] = 1.54; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.11; 2.15), gross motor (OR = 1.47; 95% CI: 1.05; 2.04) and problem-solving (OR = 1.41; 95% CI: 1.02; 1.96) domains compared to non-stunted children. Similarly, underweight children were more likely to have worse ECD delays in gross motor (OR = 1.91; 95% CI: 1.20; 3.04) and fine motor (OR = 1.90; 95% CI: 1.15; 3.15) domains compared to normal children. Coordinated and targeted ECD interventions, such as nurturing care, should be promoted and implemented widely to improve ECD outcomes and child nutrition.
BACKGROUND: The benefits of childhood vaccines are critically dependent on vaccination coverage. We used a vaccine registry (as gold standard) in Kenya to quantify errors in routine coverage methods (surveys and administrative reports), to estimate the magnitude of survivor bias, contrast coverage with timeliness and use both measures to estimate population immunity. METHODS: Vaccination records of children in the Kilifi Health and Demographic Surveillance System (KHDSS), Kenya were combined with births, deaths, migration and residence data from 2010 to 17. Using inverse survival curves, we estimated up-to-date and age-appropriate vaccination coverage, calculated mean vaccination coverage in infancy as the area under the inverse survival curves, and estimated the proportion of fully immunised children (FIC). Results were compared with published coverage estimates. Risk factors for vaccination were assessed using Cox regression models. RESULTS: We analysed data for 49,090 infants and 48,025 children aged 12-23 months in 6 birth cohorts and 6 cross-sectional surveys respectively, and found 2nd year of life surveys overestimated coverage by 2% compared to birth cohorts. Compared to mean coverage in infants, static coverage at 12 months was exaggerated by 7-8% for third doses of oral polio, pentavalent (Penta3) and pneumococcal conjugate vaccines, and by 24% for the measles vaccine. Surveys and administrative coverage also underestimated the proportion of the fully immunised child by 10-14%. For BCG, Penta3 and measles, timeliness was 23-44% higher in children born in a health facility but 20-37% lower in those who first attended during vaccine stock outs. CONCLUSIONS: Standard coverage surveys in 12-23 month old children overestimate protection by ignoring timeliness, and survivor and recall biases. Where delayed vaccination is common, up-to-date coverage will give biased estimates of population immunity. Surveys and administrative methods also underestimate FIC prevalence. Better measurement of coverage and more sophisticated analyses are required to control vaccine preventable diseases.
Ifedayo Adetifa, Boniface Karia, Alex Mutuku et al.
This paper investigates the relationships between caregivers' parenting knowledge and early childhood development, based on a survey conducted in 1715 rural households in 100 villages located in an undeveloped rural area of western China. The results find that, first, caregivers' parenting knowledge is positively and significantly associated with children's development outcomes, including cognitive, language, motor, and social-emotional development; second, caregivers' parental investments significantly mediate the link between parenting knowledge and early childhood development; third, in contrast with other parental investments, play materials (in terms of variety and quantity) and play activities in the households are the strongest mediators. Our findings might be informative for policy makers to design policies targeted to foster human capital formation in rural China.
