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The problem
Intervention: Childhood vaccination programs (pertussis, diphtheria, tetanus, polio vaccines)
Who it was tested with: Italian children and the overall Italian population reflected in AMR surveillance data.
Experience from people who deliver programmes: stories, case studies and lessons learned. Valuable for understanding how and why, and for spotting what to test next, but not a measure of effect.
"We performed an ecological analysis of available Italian data (vaccination coverages, AMR proportions, number of isolates tested, and antibiotic use) to evaluate the relationships between vaccination coverages in children and AMR proportions in the last 2 decades." The study used longitudinal national surveillance data to examine associations between vaccination coverage and subsequent AMR patterns, though the ecological design limits causal conclusions.
Ecological design prevents causal inference; aggregate population-level data cannot account for individual-level confounding; temporal relationships unclear; cannot isolate vaccination impact from other factors; lacks comparison group design
Across countries and designs
2 studies · 2 countries
