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The problem
Intervention: Paternal engagement in caregiving and stimulation activities (composite of five stimulation and three caregiving activities)
Who it was tested with: 1,181 children aged 0-59 months in Lebanon and their caregivers, nested within sampling units across clusters.
Experience from people who deliver programmes: stories, case studies and lessons learned. Valuable for understanding how and why, and for spotting what to test next, but not a measure of effect.
"Hierarchical linear models estimated variance, individual associations, cross-level interactions with cluster-level household assets and PE decomposition within and between clusters. Analyses used weights and multiple imputation." The use of multilevel modelling with cross-level interactions and sensitivity analysis strengthens the evidence by accounting for clustering and examining robustness, though the cross-sectional nature limits causal claims.
Cross-sectional design prevents causal inference. Paternal engagement components within and between clusters were not individually significant. The modest effect size and limited variation across contexts suggest other factors also influence early child development.
Across countries and designs
1 study · 1 country
