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The problem
Intervention: Improved sanitation (versus unimproved sanitation)
Who it was tested with: Indonesian children aged 1-5 years (839 children in baseline cohort from 2000, followed to 2014).
Children or communities are compared with a group that did not receive the intervention, or followed over years. This is the design that best separates what the intervention did from everything else that changed.
"Multinomial logistic regression was used to assess the impact of sanitation over time" with adjustment for multiple covariates including maternal, child, parental, and socio-economic factors, providing a quasi-experimental design with comparison between improved and unimproved sanitation groups and attempts to control for confounding.
Observational design limits causal inference; unmeasured confounding possible; long follow-up period (14 years) makes it difficult to isolate independent effect of sanitation changes from other concurrent societal improvements; cross-sectional associations at each time point rather than individual-level follow-up of same children across waves
Across countries and designs
2 studies · 2 countries
