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The problem
Intervention: Parental nurturing, including maternal and paternal caring and ethical discussions
Who it was tested with: 3,947 U.S. youths followed from adolescence to young adulthood.
Children or communities are compared with a group that did not receive the intervention, or followed over years. This is the design that best separates what the intervention did from everything else that changed.
"the present study examines the effects over 6 years, using the panel data of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health on 3,947 U.S. youths. The examination controlled for prior violence perpetration." This longitudinal design with statistical control for baseline violence allows inference about predictive relationships over time, meeting the threshold for experimental-tier evidence through its prospective design and comparison of outcomes by exposure level.
The effect sizes were very weak, suggesting limited practical impact. The study could not identify causal mechanisms. Generalizability beyond the U.S. context is unclear.
Across countries and designs
3 studies · 3 countries
