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The problem
Intervention: Adolescents classified as active (≥5 days per week of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity) versus inactive
Who it was tested with: 282 adolescents (199 urban, 83 rural) attending schools in southern Spain.
Experience from people who deliver programmes: stories, case studies and lessons learned. Valuable for understanding how and why, and for spotting what to test next, but not a measure of effect.
"A cross-sectional quantitative study was conducted with 282 adolescents... School engagement was assessed using the Spanish version of the School Engagement Measure, and weekly MVPA was measured using the PACE+ Adolescent Physical Activity Measure." The study measured associations between physical activity levels and school engagement dimensions at a single time point without a control intervention, making it pre-post in structure but cross-sectional in design, limiting causal inference.
Cross-sectional design cannot establish causality; convenience sampling limits generalizability; self-reported MVPA assessment; unable to control for confounding variables; small rural subsample.
Across countries and designs
2 studies · 2 countries
