Learning is a step by step process that relies on successful completion of individual learning activities for accumulation of knowledge. Failure of working memory (auditory and visual memory) can lead to inattentive behavior. The end result is frequently lost learning opportunities and so slow rates of educational progress. The aim of this study is to adapt and apply the ‘no-glamour memory’ training program to suit the Egyptian learning disabled children to outline a program for training and test its effectiveness. This study was conducted on 20 school-age children complaining of learning difficulty and memory problems who were attending the Unit of Phoniatrics, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Alexandria Main University Hospitals. All children were assessed using the protocol of assessment of learning difficulties and memory deficits and were reevaluated after a period of 3–6 months of training. In the present study, there was significant improvement of the studied group in the different tests such as Stanford Binet Intelligence Scale, childhood attention and adjustment survey, Arabic dyslexia assessment test, and test of memory and learning 2nd ed., after therapy. Memory training can have an effect on domain-general cognitive mechanisms; thus, these results benefit multiple areas of cognition and learning.
Cognition refers to all the processes by which the sensory input is transformed, reduced, elaborated, stored, recovered, and used. Polyphenols are powerful antioxidant and regular intake of polyphenol-rich food caused a positive impact on cognitive outcomes. This study investigates the effect of some natural antioxidant (quercetin, caffeic acid, P-coumaric acid and ferulic acid) supplementation in cognition of 27children aged (7– 13) years in the primary school (Al-Azhar Primary Institutes) with learning disabilities measure which were diagnosed by the psychologist and their teachers. Some forms and tests were used before and after antioxidant supplementation including Intelligence tests(Stanford Penny), learning disabilities measure (cognition), Personal data, Anthropometric measurements, and nutritional assessment. The application of food intervention was carried out by providing one category of meals daily, meal 1 contains (vanilla biscuit with yellow corn meal + fruit cake with cocoa jelly), meal 2 contains (chocolate cupcake with yellow corn meal +fruit cake with red beet roots jelly) and meal 3 contains (chocolate peanut butter biscuits+ vegetables salad) for 3 months frequency. Meals are rich in polyphenols as (quercetin, caffeic acid, P-coumaric acid and ferulic acid) caused highly significant increase (p≤ 0.01) in the mean value of cognition (23.88±2097) as compared before test (15.11± 2.43). It was also observed an improvements in some behavioral and nutritional problems. It could be concluded that, dietary intervention rich in polyphenols may improve cognition in children with learning disabilities.
Nafisa El-Banna, Naeem Mohammed Rabeh, Usama El-Sayed Mostafa et al.
Background: A large proportion of individuals develop myopia, which is recognized as a global health concern and is predicted to increase in prevalence. Long-term eye problems are associated with myopia, particularly in young individuals. Retinal detachment and choroidal degeneration are among the causes of visual impairments associated with myopia. In this narrative review, we summarized the current measures for slowing myopia progression in children, including their safety profiles and potential drawbacks. Methods: We conducted an English literature search for articles published between January 1, 2000, and October 31, 2023, using various combinations of keywords related to myopia, myopia progression, childhood myopia, myopia control, atropine, orthokeratology, and contact lenses. We included original or review articles pertaining to lifestyle changes and pharmacological, optical, or laser interventions for managing myopia progression in children. Our search was conducted using PubMed/MEDLINE, Google Scholar, and the Wiley Online Library. We reviewed the full text of included articles and qualitatively summarized the results of relevant studies using a narrative synthesis approach. Results: Multiple meta-analyses indicated that increased outdoor time is associated with a lower myopia prevalence, with each extra hour spent outside each week reducing the risk of myopia by 2%. Candidate drugs, such as atropine, pirenzepine, and 7-methylxanthine, and certain intraocular pressure-lowering medications, such as timolol, have been studied in human trials for their ability to manage myopia. The nonselective antimuscarinic drug atropine, followed by the M1-selective antimuscarinic drug pirenzepine, displayed positive results in slowing myopia. Oral 7-methylxanthine, a nonselective adenosine receptor antagonist, reduces axial myopia caused by hyperopic defocus in a primate model. Low-intensity laser therapy using low doses of red and near-infrared light, visual biofeedback training, bifocal or multifocal spectacles, orthokeratology using a rigid gas-permeable contact lens, combined orthokeratology and atropine, soft contact lenses with a central distance zone and higher positive power in the periphery, and peripheral defocus contact lenses are among the interventional therapies with promising results in managing myopia progression in children. Conclusions: The current literature supports the efficacy of increased outdoor time, administration of pharmacological agents, and special contact lenses as treatment modalities for slowing myopia progression in children. The effectiveness of orthokeratology alone and in combination with topical atropine therapy has also been assessed. Further research is needed to pinpoint the precise mechanisms of action of these therapies and to determine the best course of treatment. The increasing global prevalence of childhood myopia necessitates robust interventional studies into slowing myopia progression and preventing high myopia and related sight-threatening conditions in adulthood.
Ehab Mahmoud Ghoneim, Gehad El Deeb, Ahmed A Hassaan
هدف البحث الحالي إلى التعرف على فعالية برنامج تدريبي قائم على المرونة العقلية باستخدام لعبة أبطال الإنترنت على جوجل لتحسين بعض مهارات السلامة الرقمية لطفل الروضة، حيث استخدمت الباحثة اختبار القدرة العقلية العامة أوتيس – لينون (مصطفى محمد كامل،2009) ومقياس مهارات السلامة الرقمية، وجلسات برنامج تدريبي قائم على المرونة العقلية باستخدام لعبة أبطال الإنترنت، وتكونت عينة البحث من (80) طفل وطفلة في المستوى الثاني من (5-6) سنوات من روضة مدرسة الزهراء الابتدائية المعتمدة بحي بورفؤاد بمحافظة بورسعيد، وتوصلت نتائج البحث إلى أنه يوجد فروق بين متوسطي درجات أطفال المجموعة التجريبية وأطفال المجموعة الضابطة في القياس البعدي على مقياس مهارات السلامة الرقمية لطفل الروضة لصالح أطفال المجموعة التجريبية، ويوجد فروق بين متوسطي درجات أطفال المجموعة التجريبية في القياسين القبلي والبعدي على مقياس مهارات السلامة الرقمية لطفل الروضة لصالح القياس البعدي كما أنه لا يوجد فروق بين متوسطي درجات أطفال المجموعة التجريبية في القياسين البعدي والتتبعي على مقياس مهارات السلامة الرقمية لطفل الروضة. The aim of the current research is to identify the effectiveness of a training program based on mental flexibility using the Internet Heroes game on Google to improve some E-safety skills for kindergarten children. Researcher used Otis-Lennon General Mental Ability Test (Mustafa Mohamed Kamel, 2009) , Digital Safety Skills Scale, and Sessions of a Training Program Based on Mental Flexibility Using the Internet Heroes Game.The research sample consisted of (80) boys and girls in KG2 of (5-6) years from the accredited Zahraa Elementary School kindergarten in Port Fouad neighborhood in Port Said Governorate. the results of the research showed that there are differences between the mean scores of the children of the experimental group and the children of the control group in the post-measurement on the scale of E-safety skills for kindergarten children in favor of the children of the experimental group, and there are differences between the mean scores of the children of the experimental group in the pre and post measurements on E-safety skills scale for the kindergarten child in favor of the post measurement. Also there are no differences between the mean scores of the children of the experimental group in the post and follow-up measurements on E-safety skills scale for kindergarten children.
This article examines the social implications of child labour in the central-western region of Tunisia, with a focus on how early employment affects children and their families. The study employed a mixed-methods design, combining three focus groups with 473 survey responses. Findings indicate that poverty and deprivation are the main drivers of child labour, with children working in agriculture, construction, trade and domestic services between the ages of 11 and 17. While most children regularly contribute to household expenses, their low wages and unsafe working conditions fail to improve family living standards and often expose them to health risks, exploitation, and school discontinuation. Parents, although aware of the risks, generally show implicit acceptance of child labour due to financial pressures. The study concludes that child labour does not alleviate poverty but instead perpetuates social inequalities and deepens the vulnerability of disadvantaged families. Urgent policy interventions are required to strengthen social protection, ensure safe educational environments, and break the intergenerational cycle of poverty in Tunisia’s central-western region.
Child labour remains a complex social phenomenon in Algeria, at the intersection of economic, cultural, and institutional dynamics. Despite a protective legal framework and the ratification of international conventions, empirical understanding of local determinants remains limited. This study aims to identify and quantify the socio-demographic and economic factors associated with child labour in Algeria, distinguishing economic work (outside the home) from family work (domestic work). The methodology of our study is a secondary statistical analysis of data from the 2019 MICS6 survey. Methods used include ANOVA, Chi-two independence test, and binary logistic regression. The analysis identifies four key structural determinants. First, age operates as a progressive vulnerability factor: working hours differ significantly by age group (F=35.015, p<0.001), with children under 14 having an 80.3% higher likelihood of family-based work, shifting to external employment afterward. Second, gender shapes exploitation patterns: boys face 82.4% greater risk of out-of-home exploitation (95% CI: 72.4%-93.8%), while girls are 70% more likely to work within families, reflecting the invisibility of female domestic labor. Third, social class remains structurally determinant: each socioeconomic level decline increases child labor likelihood by 60%, with the "poorer" class showing a significant coefficient (-0.906, p<0.05). Fourth, spatial location is decisive: the Chi-square test shows a strong association between child labor and residence (p<0.001), with urban areas having 46.1% lower risk than rural areas.
Mohamed Anouar Zahraoui, Soufyane Badraou, Oussama Medjahdi et al.
Background: Female genital mutilation (FGM) is a human rights violation of girls and women and quite common in several countries, including Egypt. Objective(s): To estimate the prevalence of FGM among Egyptian females, to assess their knowledge, attitude, and intention to practice FGM, and to determine their possible correlates. Methods: A total of 770 females aged 15 - 49 years attending the family health centers at five randomly selected Egyptian governorates representing the different provinces of Egypt were included. A cross-sectional study design was used. A predesigned structured interviewing questionnaire was utilized to collect data on socio-demographic characteristics, females’ knowledge and attitude regarding FGM, and their intention to practice FGM. Special scoring systems were developed regarding knowledge and attitude. Results: The prevalence of FGM was 74.2%. Only 5.7% of females had a good level of knowledge, 65.3% had a favorable attitude regarding (i.e. were against) FGM, and 31.8% reported that they intended to practice FGM. Logistic regression models showed that younger age, rural area of residence, and level of education (illiteracy or just reading and writing) were significantly associated with a poor level of knowledge, and level of education, marital status, exposure to mutilation, and level of knowledge significantly affected their attitude. Significant predictors of females’ intention to practice were their mutilation experience, level of knowledge, and attitude and husband’s pressure to perform FGM. Conclusion: FGM remains common in Egypt. Poor knowledge and unfavorable attitude had a positive significant correlation, and both were among the predictors of females’ intention to practice mutilation. Males played a role in the continuation of practice in the community. Awareness campaigns and law enforcement may help reduce the practice of FGM in Egypt.
Marwa Shawky Mohammed Abdou, Iman H. Wahdan, Nessrin El-Nimr
Background: Female Genital Mutilation or Cutting (FGM/C) is a worldwide problem. Egypt has the world's highest total number with 27.2 million women having undergone FGM. Health education has proven to decrease the willingness to circumcise future daughters. Aim of the study: to evaluate the effect of an educational program on mothers’ knowledge and attitudes about female genital mutilation at Tanta city. Materials and method: A Quasi experimental research design was utilized. The study was carried out in maternal and child health care centers in Tanta City, affiliated to the ministry of health. Sample: A purposive sample of 85 mothers who had at least one daughter at age 5-11 years who attended the previous settings included in the study. Three tools were used in this study to collect data Tool (I): Structured interview sheet to collect socio-demographic characteristic, Tool II: Questionnaire interview sheet to collect knowledge of mother related to female genital mutilation, Tool III: Structured interview schedule was developed by the researcher for measuring Attitude of mothers towards female genital mutilation. The program was evaluated 3 times during the study period; before the program, immediate, and three months post program. Results: the results of this study showed that before the implementation of the educational program about female genital mutilation studied sample had low scores of knowledge and attitude. After implementation of the program there was a significant improvement in the total knowledge and attitude score of the studied sample. .
Female genital mutilation (FGM) is a deeply entrenched cultural practice involving the partial or total removal of the external female genitalia for non-medical reasons. It is recognised as a severe violation of human rights. Worldwide, four million girls are subjected to this practice each year, with four in ten FGM survivors living in fragile and conflict-affected countries.1 The practice of FGM is addressed in UN Sustainable Development Goal 5.3. This goal aims to eliminate all harmful practices including FGM and child, early, and forced marriage by 2030 – including among those living in crisis-affected areas and/or those forcibly displaced. Countries hosting refugees, asylum-seekers and other migrants must ensure that national strategies to address FGM are relevant and appropriate to the diverse populations that countries have a responsibility to protect. These strategies must also consider additional vulnerabilities such populations may have, related to conflict and displacement. This SSHAP Brief focuses on the context of FGM for Sudanese populations in Egypt who currently make up the largest group of forcibly displaced people (refugees, asylum-seekers and undocumented migrants) there since the escalation of armed conflict in Sudan in April 2023. Both Egypt and Sudan have some of the highest rates of FGM in the world. This brief reviews the FGM context and anti-FGM programming developments in both countries. It considers the drivers and dynamics of FGM practices in the context of forced displacement to inform culturally sensitive strategies for FGM prevention and response for forcibly displaced Sudanese people in Egypt. It draws on academic and grey literature as well as consultations with experts working with affected populations in Egypt.
Domestic violence remains one of the most pressing concerns for both social science researchers and legal practitioners due to its profound implications for individuals and society.This study investigates the approach adopted by the Algerian criminal legislator in addressing domestic violence against children, with particular emphasis on Article 269 of the Algerian Penal Code.By analyzing the legal text and its underlying rationale, this paper seeks to uncover the legislative philosophy that informs the criminalization of such acts and the determination of corresponding penalties.The analysis considers key socio-legal factors, including the cultural and civilizational specificities of Algerian society, as well as Algeria's international obligations stemming from its ratification of multiple human rights treaties, particularly those related to children's rights.The central question addressed is whether the Algerian legislator has effectively succeeded in crafting a legal response that aligns with both national values and international standards.
