From the 18th of century, legislation of India has tried to protect and regulate child labour in various industries and plantations. The first and foremost concern of the legislation was to regulate working hours for children, to prescribe the lowest age limit for working of children, to ensure the life, health of the child workers, and to prevent the working of children in hazardous work. Child Labour legislations are preventing the working of children below the age of 14 years and 15 years in industries, factories, plantation, and occupations. In absence of provisions to resolve the problem and due to lack of political will, the number of child labour in total labour force of the Nation is keeping on increasinsg.
This last year, the extent of poverty and socio-economic crises in some African countries, particularly in Côte d’Ivoire have favoured child labour. Thus, despite the political fight against this phenomenon, it’s remains a concern. This research therefore aims to identify the determinants of child labour in Côte d’Ivoire, using 2005 data from the national survey on child labour with 5,571 children. The descriptive statistic showed that 1,509 (27.09%) were in child labour category: 743 boys (27.04%) and 766 girls (27.14%). The estimated multinomial logit presented that household poverty and low level of parent’s education remains a determinant of child labour. In addition, the permanent employment of the household in agriculture reduces child labour. Thus, policy makers can modernize agriculture. This strategy will allow the use of modern technology inaccessible to children and improve agricultural productivity. With a guaranteed minimum price for agricultural production poor households will earn higher incomes. In addition, targeted free schooling is required.
One of the most pervasive societal evils is child labour.Among South Asian nations, India accounts for a disproportionately high percentage of child labour worldwide.The ILO report "Child Labour in South Asia" claims that India has 5.8 million children aged 5 to 17 working, followed by Bangladesh (5 million), Pakistan (3.4 million), and Nepal (2 million).The present situation of child labour in India is distressing.Even though there was a decline in the number of working children to 3.9% in 2011 from 5% in 2001, the decline rate is grossly insufficient to meet Target 8.7 of the United Nations (UNs) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which is to end child labour in all forms by 2030.The COVID-19 pandemic has compounded the existing situation of child labour and made it difficult to achieve the global goal of ending child labour.Child labour impedes children from gaining skills and education, further perpetuating household poverty across generations and slowing down economic growth and sustainable development.To reach SDG Target 8.7, eradicating child labour will require a globally integrated approach, coordinated actions, effective policy-making and efficient use of resources, etc. Objectives and methodology: This study is based on a sample of two hundred child labourers randomly taken from the Dimapur city.The primary data is collected through a survey method using semi-structured questionnaires.The main objectives of this study are to closely assess the socioeconomic parameters, including place of origin, caste and religion, and parental occupation, as well as the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on children engaging in child labour.Thus, by using both the qualitative and quantitative approach, this study investigates the magnitude of child labour and its impact on the global sustainable development goals with reference to the Dimapur district in Nagaland.
Child labour is a complex and contentious issue.Millions of children work in outrageous and exploitative conditions that are clearly dangerous to them which affected their physical and psychological health.A lot of attention has been paid to child labour from the Government, social scientists, voluntary organizations, etc.The present study investigates the implications of child labour in rural Punjab.Multistage random sampling technique was used to select the 120 working children (60 farm and 60 off farm) from eight villages of Punjab.The most notable positive implication was perceived role of child labour in the eradication of extreme poverty, reported by 80 per cent of farm workers and 86.67 per cent of off-farm workers.Among negative implications, the cycle of poverty was acknowledged by all the respondents.The findings showed the perception of respondent related to social emotional securities.Poverty of family (ranked 1) and dark future (ranked II) were the insecurities reported by respondents.Emotional maturity was observed among 43 per cent of respondents and another 51.34 per cent of respondents felt social insecurity related to their future, financial condition of family etc.That is why, the present study suggested that NGOs should arrange awareness generation camps to make child labour aware of their rights and free and compulsory education, government should provide some financial aid at primary education level to curb the menace of child labour.
This study examined the socio-economic factors influencing child labour in Nigeria. The instruments for data collection were the questionnaire and the in-depth interview schedules. The sample size used for the study was 621 (615 for the quantitative distribution and 6 for the IDIs). The quantitative data gathered were analysed with Statistical Package for the Social Sciences using percentages (%) and Chi-square (χ2) statistics was used to test the three hypotheses, while the qualitative data gathered was analysed in themes as complement to the quantitative data. The study found that religious sex (χ2 = (615), .081; df = 1, pے =.776), education (χ2 = (N615), 2.024; df = 1, pے =.155) and marital status (χ2 = (N=615), .055; df = 1, pے =.815) had no statistically significant relationship with the effect of child labour practice while only age (χ2= (N=615), 14.577; df=1, pے =.000) had a statistical significant relationship. Furthermore, sex (χ2 = (N=615), .678; df = 1, pے =.410), marital status (χ2 = (N= 615), .012; df = 1, pے =.911), religious affiliation (χ2 = (N=615), .003; df = 1, pے =.957), education (χ2 = (N= 615), .310; df = 1, pے =.578) and occupation (χ2 = (N=615), .849; df = 1, pے =.357) showed no statistically significant relationship with the influence of child labour practices. Three hypotheses were tested and they were all accepted. Results from the regression analysis showed that only marital status had the most positive influence on child labour pratices. Results from the study has shown that child labour practices have negative effect on the child, thus, there is the need to eradicate all forms of child labour through championing sensitization and enlightenment programmes. Also, people who still choose to engage children in child labour after these sensitization and enlightenment programmes should be severely punished by the law to deter others from engaging in such acts. Finally, the study revealed that, government, youth corps members, community leaders and the general public have a role to play in putting an end to the socio-economic factors influencing child labour practices in Nigeria.
The International Labour Organisation (ILO) revised the definition of child labour, including housework, by more than 21 hours per week in 2020; children under 15 years are essentially ‘unpaid domestic labourers’, which could be classified as child labour. 1 According to this definition, young carers are unpaid workers who provide both instrumental (housework, financial management, etc) and emotional support to their families who require assistance in daily living.
Child labour is done by any working child who is under the age specified by the law of the nation. Child labour is a hazard to the way of children’s mental, physical, social, educational, emotional and spiritual development. Thus, it is obvious that any child who is employed in any occupation in any trade, business or industry or involved in any activity with purpose to feed self or family is known as child labour. Countries like India are allowed to fix the minimum age at 14 years in accordance with their socio-economic circumstances. According to the Statistical Organization of International Labour Organization (ILO), child labour is work performed by children under 18 of age which is exploitative, hazardous and inappropriate for their age and which is detrimental to their schooling or social, mental, spiritual and moral development.It is not only confined to work on family farm or in traditional family robs and occupation but it has spread to other fields and you may find child labour working in mess and canteens of so many universities and higher education institutions in India in general and in Uttarakhand in particular. The child labour is also prevailing in agriculture and allied activities, unorganized small sector and even in organized industries.The problem of child labour is a complex problem and it is a consequence of the system under which the Indian economy is functioning. At present the problem of child labour has become the most challenging and alarming not only in state of Uttarakhand but in allover India and directly related to human resource development of the country. The practice of child labour is legally, morally, ethically and even psychologically very wrong, however efforts have been made by the Governments, NGOs and other social organizations for the eradication of this burning and serious problem but still it is continues in the present 21st century not only in India but even in industrialized and advanced countries and the problem has not been fully eradicated and resolved.The researcher strongly feel that imposing a complete ban on child labour, without providing any alternative to them and their family would not be effective, but likely to be counterproductive. In fact, it is a socio-economic-demographic problem and can’t be tackled by merely passing the legislations.
Abstract Despite efforts to reduce the incidence of child labour, about one in three children in Sub-Saharan Africa works. Using data for the Kagera region of Tanzania, we estimate how rates of child labour were impacted by a large influx of refugees fleeing from genocide in both Rwanda and Burundi. We find that the areas most affected by this population shock initially had a lower incidence of child labour. However, 10 years later, children in these areas were more likely to work on a farm and participate in domestic chores as the demand for agricultural labour increased.
The issue of child labour during Covid 19 pandemic is a frontline issue in India. Child labour is a complex problem rooted in poverty. With the loss of employment during pandemic the parents themselves are sending children to work and earn money for the survival of the family. Children considered as cheap labour are exploited and are made to work in Hazardous factories. With the closing down of education institutions and unemployment there is a hike in cases of child labour in India. This paper intends to give the scenario in which the child labour has increased in India during pandemic and various steps that the state governments and judiciary has taken in order to ensure that the rights of the children are protected. The paper also suggests required efforts which can be taken to overcome this problem. Finally, the paper concludes that the proposed solutions may be found worthy in overcoming the challenges of child labour in India during these tough times.
This study aims to illuminate the significant and transformative impact of the 2016 Child Labour Ordinance on child labour use and employment at brick kilns in Punjab, Pakistan. By identifying various socio-economic factors as potential determinants of child labour use, we can understand the profound changes brought about by this ordinance. This study stands out with its unique descriptive approach, employing descriptive statistics such as averages and differences of means, as well as t-statistics and opportunity costs, to estimate empirical results and assess the effectiveness of the 2016 Child Labour Ordinance. In conclusion, this study has successfully illuminated the positive impact of the 2016 Child Labour Ordinance on child labour use and employment at brick kilns in Punjab, Pakistan. By identifying various socio-economic factors as potential determinants of child labour use, we have effectively demonstrated the transformative power of this ordinance. The study's findings underscore the urgent need for government intervention to provide financial support at the primary level. Despite their interest in education, many children need more resources, leading them to sacrifice their educational aspirations. By ensuring financial support, we can make education accessible to all children, regardless of economic circumstances. Committed voluntary organizations should be involved at the district level regarding the issue of child Labour.
Muhammad Rashid Shabbir, Amnan Javaid, Rimsha Falak et al.
