This research aimed to develop a typology of individuals adjudicated for child sexual exploitation material (CSEM) offenses in South Korea, based on court judgments under Article 11 of the Act on the Protection of Children and Youth Against Sex Offenses. A total of 135 judgments from district courts (courts of first instance in South Korea) spanning 2014 to 2023 were systematically collected and examined through latent class analysis (LCA). The LCA results revealed three distinct subgroups of offenders-Versatile Sextortion, Physical Exploitation, and Coercing Younger Victims-each exhibiting unique offending profiles and behaviors. Significant differences between the groups were also found for several factors, such as the age of the victim, instances of sextortion, and the additional creation of CSEM. This study constitutes an initial empirical exploration of CSEM offenses in South Korea, provides evidence of a heterogenous group, and has substantial implications for crafting customized intervention strategies for people who commit CSEM offenses.
OBJECTIVES: In a country such as India where caste systems deeply influence social dynamics, caste systems could modify the association between experiencing intimate partner violence (IPV) and maternal and child health and wellbeing. This study aimed to investigate the association between IPV and child mortality across various caste groups. STUDY DESIGN: The study has a cross-sectional design drawn from the two latest available nationally representative National Family Health Surveys data (2015-2021) in India. METHODS: This study included 58,685 mother-child pairs. In the study, the main exposure variable was IPV, measured by women's experiences of emotional, physical, and sexual violence perpetrated by a partner, with caste considered as an effect modifier in the analysis. The outcomes of the study included under five mortality. By accounting for women's and child demographics, logistic regression analysis was used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (aOR) for the association between IPV and infant, neonatal, and under-five mortality stratified by caste. RESULTS: Women who had experienced IPV had 16 % greater odds of neonatal mortality (1.16, 95 % CI: 1.10-1.23), 17 % greater odds of infant mortality (1.17, 95 % CI: 1.03, 1.33), and 12 % greater odds of under-five mortality (1.12; 95 % CI: 0.98, 1.18). When stratified by caste, IPV exposure among women from upper castes had a 68 % greater in the odds of neonatal mortality (aOR: 1.68, 95 % CI: 1.22, 2.29), 24 % greater odds of infant mortality (1.24, 95 % CI: 1.02, 1.80), and 40 % greater odds of under-five mortality (aOR: 1.40, 95 % CI: 1.09, 1.81). Notably, among lower-caste groups, we observed greater odds of under-five mortality among women who experienced IPV in STs group compared to SCs and OBCs. CONCLUSION: IPV is associated positively with neonatal, infant, and under-five mortalities with greater effect in upper than lower caste women. Our findings suggest that addressing IPV in caste-specific situations may be crucial for reducing under-five mortality in India.
PURPOSE: This study aimed to examine the relationship between primary school students' levels of privacy awareness and their knowledge of child sexual abuse, with particular attention to demographic and contextual factors including gender, socioeconomic status, and academic achievement. METHODS: A descriptive correlational research design was employed. The sample consisted of primary school students enrolled in public schools in Türkiye during the 2023-2024 academic year. Data were collected using validated measures of privacy awareness and child sexual abuse knowledge. Descriptive statistics, independent samples t-tests, one-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation analysis, and multiple linear regression analysis were conducted to analyse the data. FINDINGS: The findings indicated that female students and older primary school students demonstrated significantly higher levels of both privacy awareness and knowledge of child sexual abuse. Students from higher socioeconomic backgrounds and those with higher academic achievement also showed greater awareness and knowledge. Overall, privacy awareness and sexual abuse knowledge were found to be at a moderate level but were strongly and positively correlated (r = 0.807, p < 0.01). Regression analysis further revealed that privacy awareness was a significant predictor of children's knowledge of sexual abuse (β = 0.819, p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: The results highlight the critical role of privacy awareness in enhancing children's protective knowledge against sexual abuse. Integrating systematic privacy education into primary school curricula may serve as an effective preventive strategy to strengthen children's self-protection skills and overall wellbeing.
PURPOSE: This study aimed to identify the levels and risk factors associated with physical and emotional violence that women in Türkiye have been subjected to simultaneously by their husbands/partners at some point in their lives. METHODS: Bivariate probit regression analysis was employed to determine the factors associated with women's experiences of physical and emotional violence inflicted by their husbands/partners. In this study, the cross-sectional data of the National Research on Domestic Violence against Women in Türkiye conducted in 2014 by the Institute of Population Studies of Hacettepe University were used. The survey questionnaires of The National Research on Domestic Violence against Women in Türkiye were implemented by the research team. The number of samples to be considered was calculated as 6458. The sampling of the research was carried out using cluster sampling. The weights calculated in accordance with the sample design of the research were added to these data sets. FINDINGS: The study revealed that 33 % of women experienced physical violence, while 41 % faced emotional violence. Women living in the central region, those with children, and those whose educational level exceeded that of their husband/partner were found to have a higher likelihood of experiencing both forms of violence. It was determined that young women were less likely to be exposed to physical and emotional violence. As women's educational level and health status improve, their likelihood of being exposed to physical and emotional violence decreases. CONCLUSION: The findings of the study reveal that these forms of violence are interconnected and underscore the importance of devising effective strategies to lower the risk for women who are more susceptible to experiencing physical and emotional violence in the future. Conducting more comprehensive research on these forms of violence in Türkiye from diverse perspectives could serve as a crucial guide in identifying key areas that require immediate attention for addressing this issue. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING: The study results demonstrate that effective strategies to protect women at risk-such as gender equality campaigns, the widespread implementation of violence screening protocols in health check-ups, and increasing the capacity of shelters-must be urgently implemented by policymakers, healthcare professionals, social workers, and local organizations. In particular, the use of standardized violence assessment tools during routine examinations in healthcare facilities can provide an effective method for early intervention and referral. In addition, training healthcare personnel to identify and support victims of violence will enhance the effectiveness of this process. Conducting multidisciplinary, comprehensive research to understand the socio-cultural and structural dynamics of domestic violence in Türkiye will serve as an indispensable guide in determining priority areas in combating violence and will offer evidence-based solutions to all relevant stakeholders.
The impact of motivation for change, group therapy climate, and therapeutic alliance on treatment success in men who have committed sexual offenses (MCSOs) has produced mixed results in previous studies, often studied independently or limited to treatment progression. Thus, the way these factors interact and influence post-treatment recidivism remains unclear. The present study addressed this gap by examining the interplay of these factors in a sample of 140 men who had committed sexual offenses against children, followed for a potential recidivism period of 5-8 years, using both repeated measures ANOVA and structural equation modeling (SEM). Results from the ANOVA showed a decrease in cognitive distortions supporting child sexual offenses before and after treatment, associated to a stronger therapeutic alliance. SEM analysis revealed that the therapeutic alliance mediated the relationship between motivation, group climate, and the absence of post-treatment recidivism. These findings highlight the central role of the therapist in treatment effectiveness with MCSOs.
Adolescence is a complex stage. During the process of experimentation, several risk behaviours may coincide, such as bullying or other antisocial behaviours.Data from a survey conducted with 6209 adolescents and young adults were examined. The variables of video game use, bullying, and antisocial behaviour were dichotomised, and the relationship was analysed using the Odds Ratio.Victims of bullying are found to spend more hours playing, as do perpetrators and those who have committed violence against people and objects. Moreover, the effect size of these differences is larger among women.According to several authors and interpretative hypotheses derived from the literature, video games offer victims an escape valve and a safe place. People who engage in violence may find in video games a space where they can share risk and aggression.A notable link has been found between excessive video game use and bullying and certain antisocial behaviours, and it is more pronounced among girls than among boys.
Sara González-Álvarez, Marta Ruiz-Narezo, Josu Solabarrieta
INTRODUCTION: Child sexual exploitation (CSE) continues to present significant challenges for policing, with longstanding concerns about inconsistent recognition of risk, victim-blaming narratives, and uneven application of trauma-informed approaches. METHODS: This study reports on the co-design, delivery, and evaluation of a pilot simulation-based training tool developed by the University of Kent's Centre for Child Protection in partnership with Kent Police. Guided by a participatory action research framework, a mixed-methods evaluation was conducted, including pre-, mid-, and post-training questionnaires, live polling, and independent observation. RESULTS: Quantitative findings demonstrated improvements in officers' self-reported confidence, knowledge, and practice skills. Qualitative feedback indicated reductions in victim-blaming language and greater use of trauma-informed framing. Observations reinforced these shifts, highlighting enhanced officer engagement with contextual safeguarding and recognition of trauma responses. DISCUSSION: Although limited to a single police force and reliant on self-reported data, the pilot suggests that simulation-based learning is a promising approach to embedding trauma-informed practice in frontline policing. The findings underline the value of experiential training for disrupting entrenched biases and supporting culture change in sensitive areas of practice.
Change in cohabitation status could influence the economic security and well-being of parents and their children. However, literature concerning the association between the duration of perinatal depression (PND) exposure and change in parental cohabitation status is limited. Therefore, this study aimed to assess whether the presence and persistence of maternal PND symptoms are associated with changes in parental cohabitation status up to six years postpartum. Using data from 4,344 persons in the Swedish BASIC and U-BIRTH cohort studies, maternal depressive symptoms were assessed at three time points (during pregnancy, 6 weeks, and 6 months postpartum) using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Cohabitation status was measured at 6 weeks and 6 years postpartum. Logistic regressions estimated odds ratios (ORs) for non-cohabitation associated with the number of PND-positive time points. Mothers with positive screenings at more than one time point for depressive symptoms had higher odds of not cohabiting at both 6 weeks and 6 years postpartum. At 6 years, mothers with depressive symptoms at all three time points had over four times the odds of not cohabiting (OR 4.1, 95% CI 1.7-9.5). However, most associations lost significance after full adjustment for sociodemographic and psychosocial factors, except the association between prolonged PND (3 positive screenings) and non-cohabitation at six years postpartum. Prolonged PND symptoms may increase the risk of long-term parental separation. Although confounding factors reduce the strength of this association, findings underscore the need for extended mental health monitoring and support for perinatal persons.
BACKGROUND: Women in low- and middle-income nations are disproportionately afflicted by depression and anxiety, which are contributing factors to the worldwide disease burden. The purpose of this study is to measure the prevalence of anxiety and depression in Bangladeshi women aged 15-49 years and to evaluate the associations between these mental health outcomes and three aspects of empowerment (attitudes toward violence, social independence, and decision-making autonomy). METHODS: This study analyzed cross-sectional data from the 2022 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey. Empowerment was measured with the survey-based women's empowerment (SWPER) index and categorized as low, medium or high for each domain. Bivariate analysis via chi-square tests was used to identify significant covariates associated with the outcomes. Survey-weighted logistic regressions were performed to estimate adjusted odds ratios (AORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: High anxiety and depression affected 8.1% and 10.4% of the women, respectively. Low empowerment in the attitudes toward violence was associated with high anxiety (AOR = 1.42, 95% CI: 1.07-1.89) and depression (AOR = 1.54, 95% CI: 1.19-1.99). Social independence empowerment was significantly associated with anxiety (low: AOR = 1.38, 95% CI: 1.12-1.69; medium: AOR = 1.24, 95% CI: 1.02-1.51), whereas in the decision-making section, medium and high empowerment increased anxiety risk (medium: AOR = 1.47, 95% CI: 1.17-1.86; high: AOR = 1.44, 95% CI: 1.15-1.82). Compared with women aged 15-24 years, those aged 25-34 years had increased risks of both anxiety (AOR = 1.69, 95% CI: 1.37-2.07) and depression (AOR = 1.43, 95% CI: 1.19-1.74), as did women aged 35-49 years (anxiety: AOR = 1.96, 95% CI: 1.56-2.47; depression: AOR = 1.55, 95% CI: 1.27-1.89). Agricultural work was protective against anxiety (AOR = 0.75, 95% CI: 0.64-0.88), whereas skilled/professional employment increased anxiety (AOR = 1.23, 95% CI: 1.01-1.49). Husband unemployment amplified both outcomes (anxiety: AOR = 1.88, 95% CI: 1.45-2.43; depression: AOR = 1.59, 95% CI: 1.25-2.02). Poverty heightened anxiety (AOR = 1.21, 95% CI: 1.03-1.42), whereas a lack of internet use elevated depression (AOR = 1.28, 95% CI: 1.09-1.52). Muslim women had increased risks of anxiety (AOR = 1.63, 95% CI: 1.24-2.13) and depression (AOR = 1.43, 95% CI: 1.12-1.83). Divisional disparities were also a significant risk factor for both anxiety (Rangpur: AOR = 1.66, 95% CI: 1.19-2.31; Khulna: AOR = 1.40, 95% CI: 1.02-1.93) and depression (Rangpur: AOR = 1.86, 95% CI: 1.43-2.40; Khulna: AOR = 1.34, 95% CI: 1.02-1.76). Conversely, having one to two children was protective against depression (AOR = 0.75, 95% CI: 0.61-0.92). CONCLUSIONS: Women's empowerment affects mental health in opposite ways: rejecting violence and gaining social independence lowers anxiety and depression, but more decision-making power can increase anxiety. Age, employment status, poverty, internet use, religion, region, and number of children also influence women's mental health. Effective policies must pair gender-norm changes and economic opportunities with easily accessible, stigma-free mental health support so that empowerment consistently benefits Bangladeshi women's well-being.
Ashraful Alam, Md Emon Prodhan, Tahmina Akhter et al.
