INTRODUCTION: In Egypt, many girls are still married before the age of 18, which is a fundamental violation of the girls' human rights. Early marriage is associated with an alarmingly elevated risk of all types of intimate partner violence that have various negative consequences. The purpose of this study was to identify the predictors of exposure to spousal violence among the early married girls in rural Upper Egypt. METHODS: A household survey was carried out and covered 23 villages in Assiut and Sohag governorates reaching to a sample of 729 married girls before the age of 20. Listing and enumeration of 4 districts was done to identify the study participants. Data was collected by personal interviews using a structured questionnaire. Bivariate and stepwise regression analyses were performed to identify the predictors of exposure to spousal violence. RESULTS: It was found that 15.2% of the study participants were exposed to physical violence while 17.8% were exposed to sexual violence and 7.3% were exposed to both types. Girls married before the age of 18 were more exposed to spousal violence. Stepwise regression analysis found that girls' acceptance to get married was a protective factor against exposure to physical (β = - 1.07, OR 0.34) and sexual (β = - 0.68, OR 0.51) violence. The perceived attitude of husbands and mothers-in-law about considering wife beating "a husband's right" was found to be a risk factor of exposure to physical and sexual violence. Longer duration till the first pregnancy was also associated with more exposure to sexual violence (β = 0.04, OR 1.04). CONCLUSION: Married adolescent girls (MAGs) are highly exposed to physical and sexual violence. This is mainly due to ignoring girls' preference to postpone their marriage, cultural concepts of accepting violence against women, and low sexual satisfaction. This study shows that most determinants of spousal violence were related to culture issues. Identifying these determinants is required to combat such a crucial public health problem that has serious consequences on adolescent health.
Amira FE-S EL-Gazzar, Mirette M. Aziz, Heba M. Mohammed et al.
Early childhood development involves an appropriate global intervention concerning the different areas of development such as: physical, cognitive, language and socio-emotional [1]. Especially during the first six years of life in an adequate environment rich in exchange and interaction. We will present in this article a review of the literature concerning normal early childhood development, focus firstly in normal development’s steps, the importance of first experiences and first aid with a stable and caring attachment figure. second, we will describe the various developmental disorders, occurring during this age group which extends from birth to 6 years and based on the DSM5 classification, namely that developmental delay may concern only one aspect of development (e.g. language delay or motor delay specifically) or concern the different aspects of development (overall development delay). The dynamics of development is also important to clarify because schematically we contrast the pathologies fixed to progressive pathologies (where we find the concepts of stagnation or regression in the development of the child). We will discuss in the third chapter, the interest of early detection as well as the multiple clinical and psychometric diagnostic tools, which aim to detect any delay or disorder in order to initiate appropriate care and minimize the long-term consequences.
Chkirate Meriem, Khaoula Mammad, Ghizlane Chtabou et al.
Background: Gamification is receiving attention because of its apparent benefits andusefulness, particularly in the context of chronic illness and patient self-management on adaily basis. Children with asthma benefit from game-based learning in terms of knowledgeacquisition, skill development, self-care engagement, and motivation. Aim the study aimed toevaluate the effect of gamified electronic application on selected outcomes among school agechildren with asthma. A quasi-experimental one group pretest-posttest research design wasutilized. Setting: The study was conducted in the pediatric chest outpatient clinic at CairoUniversity Specialized Pediatric Hospital. Sample: a purposive sample of 60 children withasthma was participated in the study. Data collection tools: a structured demographicinterview sheet, asthma knowledge questionnaire and childhood asthma control test. Results:after implementing gamified electronic application all of asthmatic children have satisfactorylevel of knowledge in posttest compared to no child in the pretest. Less than two third ofasthmatic children properly control asthma in posttest compared to all children were poorlycontrolled in the pretest. There were highly statistical significant difference was foundbetween total asthma control test scores and total knowledge scores of asthmatic children inpre and posttest. Conclusion: gamified electronic application is a feasible, acceptable andeffective method in health education and management for school age children with asthma asit has a positive effect on improving the children’s knowledge and improves asthma control.Recommendation: Integration of the gamified electronic application for school age childrenwith asthma and incorporated into follow up plan to get the best outcomes for children.
This research paper aims to highlight the phenomenon of child labour in Africa by providing an analytical reading and theoretical overview of its various dimensions.It begins by defining the conceptual framework of child labour and reviewing its manifestations and forms.It then identifies the main factors and causes that push children into the workforce and analyses the impact of child labour on children and society as a whole, focusing on the psychological effects.The paper also refers to the difficulties and obstacles involved in eradicating this phenomenon and concludes with a participatory, integrative approach to addressing the problem in Africa and mitigating its negative impacts.Despite their differences, nations and societies strive for development and progress by utilising all available means, resources and capabilities.Achieving this goal certainly requires the interaction and harmony of all these elements and resources through a fundamental activity: work.Work is an organised effort integrating the physical and mental capabilities of individuals to achieve various objectives that enhance well-being and quality of life for individuals, communities and nations.Citation
This paper examines the impact of parental income on child labour. The empirical literature has found conflicting results regarding whether poverty leads parents to send their children to work. Most of this literature, however, treats child labourers as a single homogeneous group, ignoring differences among working children in work intensity, hazard exposure, and type of employer. This paper argues that accounting for the heterogeneity in child’s working conditions may explain the conflicting results in the literature. Specifically, the existence of this heterogeneity may reflect heterogeneity in parents’ perceptions about the returns to child’s work, and hence in parental reasons to send their children to work. To test this hypothesis, I estimate the effects of parental income on child labour for various working conditions, using data from the 2010 Egypt National Child Labour Survey. This dataset provides rich information on the working conditions of child labourers. The findings show that the effect of parental income on child labour is minimal among children who work in non-hazardous jobs, jobs that are not highly physical, or in family businesses. In contrast, higher parental income does decrease the likelihood of child labour in market work, jobs that are physical and hazardous jobs.
OBJECTIVES: Female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) is a surgical intervention that is still widely performed around the world with serious obstetric and neonatal outcomes. We aimed to determine the obstetric and neonatal effects of FGM/C in pregnant women in a hospital with high standards of care in Sudan, where this is a common case, using a homogenous patient group. METHODS: This is a retrospective cohort study in pregnant women with FGM/C, conducted at Nyala, Sudan-Turkey Training and Research Hospital. The inclusion criteria were: >18 years of age, history of FGM/C, vertex presentation, full-term birth, and single pregnancy. FGM/C group was compared with women without FGM/C (control group) who were monitored for the same period of 8 months in terms of age, parity, gestational age, and obstetric and neonatal outcomes. RESULTS: A total of 220 eligible pregnant women were included in the study. Each group consisted of 110 pregnant women (FGM/C and control groups). We noticed that in the FGM/C group more emergency C-sections occurred, the second stage of the delivery was prolonged significantly, and episiotomy and periclitoral injuries were higher. Also, it was seen that postpartum blood loss and hospitalization of the mother lasted longer in the FGM/C group. No significant differences were found between the two groups with regard to newborns. CONCLUSIONS: FGM/C is definitely associated with poor obstetric outcomes. These patients should be diagnosed during the antenatal period, and the delivery processes should be managed by experienced healthcare professionals according to the type of FGM/C.
Background: Female genital mutilation is a persistent issue of global concern that carries various health risks for women and girls. Female genital mutilation is a traditional harmful practice that has been prevalent for many years; despite of continuous efforts, the decline of the practice is unsatisfactory. Aim: To assess the difference between old and young women’s knowledge, attitude, and beliefs toward female genital mutilation. Design: A descriptive-comparative research design was utilized. Setting: The study was conducted at the Barnasht family health center in Elaiaat district, Giza Governorate. Sample: A convenience sample of 588 old and young women over a period of three months. Tools for data collection: Tool I: A structured interviewing knowledge questionnaire that consists of two sections: (1): Demographic characteristics of young and old women; (2): Knowledge regarding female genital mutilation. Tool II: Beliefs assessment questionnaires. Tool III : Attitude scale toward female genital mutilation. Results: The majority of the young and older women had a poor level of knowledge, while the minority of them had a fair level of knowledge regarding female genital mutilation. Moreover, nearly three-quarters of the young women had a positive attitude, while more than half of the older women had a negative attitude toward female genital mutilation. The majority of young women had negative beliefs, while the majority of older women had positive beliefs about female genital mutilation. Conclusion: A highly statistically significant difference was found between young and old women’s total knowledge, attitude, and beliefs. Recommendations: It is advised that, raise awareness of the families and young women regarding the complications and consequences of Female Genital Mutilation. Child rights should be empowered among national media, especially regarding Female Genital Mutilation.
Manal Mohamed Elsawy, Nabila Abdelkader Abdeldaiem, E. Ebied et al.
Objectives: The aim of this work was to search for different patterns of violence against children presenting to Menoufia University hospital as regards socio-demographic data and Possible risk factors,type of violence Background: In every country, girls and boys suffer every day, and witness violence. Violence against children cuts across boundaries of culture, class, education, income and ethnic origin, and occurs in many alternative settings .Violence against children include physical, sexual and psychological violence . Methods: All cases of children exposed for different patterns of violence presenting to Menoufia University hospital asking for medico legal report during two year (from 1st of December 2016 to 31st of November 2018) were included in the study .The study was conducted after approval from ethical committee ofFaculty of Medicine, Menoufia University. Results: The study concluded that the most reported type of child violence is physical type, indoor, repeated, with rates being higher for females than for males. The prevalence was higher in rural than urban residency. The majority of the perpetrators were male, (father inside the family and friends from outside the family), manual workers ,with below secondary education ,heavy smoking . Divorced parents with large families .The driving forces of violence against children are family troubles, financial and immoral causes
Haidy Moustafa Abouhatab, Samy Badawy, neira gergis et al.
BACKGROUND: Low levels of scholarly achievement, poverty, and geographical isolation are all known to be linked to early marriage. AIM: This study aimed at identifying the most credible and the best-suited communication channels (CCs) to reach rural communities for motivating them to reduce child and adolescent marriage. METHODS: This study was a community-based cross-sectional systematic formative research. The study targeted 1000 wives who were ever married women in childbearing period aged 15–49 years and their husbands in 21 rural village units of two governorates of Upper Egypt through questionnaires. Decisions concerning the choice of the best-suited CCs were based on their reach, frequency, managerial feasibility, and effectiveness. The investigated CCs included: modern social media (search browser engine/Facebook group and/or twitter/YouTube or messaging through WhatsApp or any mobile app), traditional mass media (T.V/Radio/Reading), and interpersonal communication (talk with religious leaders/partners/friends/doctors/health promoters). Comparisons between different CCs were done using odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS: A vast majority of the surveyed wives (96.6%) were married at an age ranging from 15 to 24 years. The spread of social media through smartphones was limited to only one-third of wives and their husbands through mainly searching on YouTube (31.7% of wives and 27.8% of husbands). Television was the most accessible means of mass media for both wives and husbands (72.5% and 63.3%, respectively). The most credible and the best-suited CCs methods for wives were talking with the health promotors and doctors with 2 times significantly higher (OR = 2.0, CI = 1.7–2.4 for each one) than that with the search on YouTube and 3 times significantly higher (OR = 3.1, CI = 2.5–3.7 and OR = 3.1, CI = 2.6–3.8, respectively) than that for social media using browser engine. For husbands, the odds of the most credible and the best-suited CCs methods were more than 1½ times higher for the talk with the health promotors than the search on You Tube (OR = 1.6, CI = 1.3–2.0) or the search using browser engine (OR = 1.6, CI = 1.3–1.9), Whereas the odds were one and a third higher for the talk with the doctor than the search on You Tube (OR = 1.3, CI = 1.1–1.6) or the search using browser engine (OR = 1.6, CI= 1.1–1.6). Significant difference was detected in favor of the traditional media as the most credible source of information only for wives’ intention to postpone their children early marriage. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the availability of recent social media worldwide, rural communities with high illiteracy have limited access to the internet and limited availability of smartphones. Interpersonal communication is considered their most effective CCs for achieving equity in reducing child marriage. It seems vital during the implementation of any strategies toward reproductive health to use not only the media broadcasts, but also to rely on the channels that are most credible and suitable for the targeted communication to support meeting the unmet need.
Ammal Mokhtar Metwally, Marwa M. El-Sonbaty, Dalia M. Elmosalami et al.
Introduction Child marriage is a fundamental development challenge for women and girls, with significant negative health and social outcomes. Sudan has a high rate of child marriage, with 34% of women aged 20–24 married before their 18th birthday. Since limited preventive interventions exist, we aimed to inform the evidence base to strengthen strategic action, using mixed qualitative methods to enhance study credibility. This study is the first to conduct a rigorous qualitative examination of the drivers of child marriage from the perspective of key stakeholders involved in marriage decision making within Sudan, and makes a significant contribution towards global knowledge by developing an evidence-based conceptual framework. Methods Initially, we completed 14 focus group discussions separated by gender with mothers, fathers, and girls married as adolescents, and 23 key informant interviews. We then used a critical incident case study approach to explore 11 ‘cases’ of child marriage (46 interviews). Results Findings indicate that gendered social norms and values, underpinned by religious beliefs and educational accessibility, interconnect to shape marriage decisions. In this context , many child marriages are triggered by an intrakinship proposal and further enabled by the relative lack of autonomy and influence of girls and women in marriage decision-making processes . Discussion Interconnected drivers demand context-specific holistic and multisectoral approaches, which should include simultaneous strategies to expand access to education, health services and livelihood opportunities, and evoke legal change, and participatory social and attitudinal processes that include the engagement of religious leaders and men.
Laura Dean, Angela I. N. Obasi, Asma El Sony et al.
