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28,518 reports · page 2749 of 2852

Peer-reviewed articleOpenAlex - Early Childhood8 Oct 2026

Principals' Professional Competency in Increasing Teacher Performance in State Kindergartens of Tebo Regency, Jambi Province

The success of managing Early Childhood Education (ECE) services during the golden age is highly determined by the effectiveness of school leadership and teacher performance in the classroom. However, empirical phenomena show that there are still challenges regarding teachers' pedagogical qualifications and school principals' focus, which tends to be trapped in administrative compliance rather than instructional supervision. This study aims to examine and analyze the effect of school principals' professional competency on teacher performance in State Kindergartens (TK Negeri) in Tebo Regency, Jambi Province. This study used a quantitative approach with a causal-associative design. The study population included all school principals and teachers at State Kindergartens in Tebo Regency, totaling 42 people. Sampling was carried out using a total sampling technique (census) so that the entire population served as respondents. Primary data collection utilized a structured questionnaire based on a 5-point Likert scale that had been tested for validity and reliability. Data analysis included descriptive tests, classical assumption tests (normality and linearity), simple linear regression, t-tests, and the coefficient of determination. The results showed that the principals' professional competency and teacher performance were both in the high category. The simple regression test yielded the equation , indicating a positive directional relationship. Hypothesis testing (t-test) obtained a calculated value of with a significance value of 0.000 < 0.05, meaning that the school principals' professional competency has a positive and significant effect on teacher performance. The Coefficient of Determination (R²) value of 0.799 indicates that 79.9% of the variation in teacher performance is determined by the principal's professional competency, while the remaining 20.1% is influenced by external factors. In conclusion, the principal's professional competency serves as the main driver in boosting the effectiveness and performance of State Kindergarten teachers in Tebo Regency. The implications of this study emphasize the importance of strengthening principals' managerial and supervisory capacity to support the overall quality of early childhood education services.

Peer-reviewed articleOpenAlex - Early Childhood8 Oct 2026

Quality in early childhood education and care: relationships with pedagogical dynamics profiles

Introduction Research has consistently highlighted key pedagogical dynamics that shape children's engagement, exploration, and learning. Crucial elements include the flow of daily routines, opportunities for child agency and participation, and the intentional integration of indoor and outdoor learning contexts. The aim of this study was to use a person-centered approach to identify profiles of pedagogical dynamics in Portuguese ECEC contexts and to examine how these profiles relate to professionals’ perceived quality of the organization of the educational environment. Method We used the EduIn&Out Organization of ECEC Environments Questionnaire to explore educators’ characterization of their pedagogical dynamics (routine flow, children's agency, and the use of indoor and outdoor contexts) and explored educators’ perceptions of various aspects of the quality of ECEC environment, including the organization of the space, materials and equipment (both indoor and outdoor), time management and daily routines, family and child participation, coordination with the educational team and with the center's leadership. The questionnaire was completed by 757 Portuguese educators with experience in preschool education (ages 3 to 6). Latent profile analysis was used to identify profiles of pedagogical dynamics:. Results Four distinct profiles were identified, characterized by different combinations of pedagogical dynamics: (1) Constrained-Fragmented – unstable routines, predominantly adult-led activities, and indoor-centered practices; (2) Balanced-Neutral – moderately structured routines, balanced agency and balanced use of indoor and outdoor spaces; (3) Collaborative-Integrated – highly structured routines, collaborative agency and integrated indoor-outdoor practices; and (4) Participatory-Dynamic – dynamic routines, child-led agency and outdoor-oriented practices. Discussion Profiles characterized by more structured routines, collaborative or child-led agency, and greater integration of indoor and outdoor contexts were associated with higher perceived educational environment quality, highlighting the importance of coherent pedagogical dynamics for high-quality ECEC settings.

Natalie Nóbrega Santos, Mónica Pereira, Lourdes Mata et al.

DevelopmentParticipationPTRead at source

Peer-reviewed articleOpenAlex - Early Childhood7 Oct 2026

First-morning urinary luteinizing hormone and bone age decomposition for diagnosis of central precocious puberty in girls: a two-step prediction model study

Objective The diagnosis of central precocious puberty (CPP) in girls relies on the invasive gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulation test. Urinary luteinizing hormone (LH) is a noninvasive candidate biomarker, but evidence from Chinese populations and its integration into multivariable prediction frameworks remain limited. We evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of first-morning urinary LH for CPP, established sex- and pubertal stage–specific reference intervals, and developed a two-step prediction model based on a bone age decomposition. Methods In this single-center retrospective diagnostic accuracy study, we enrolled 808 children: 295 girls with early breast development (146 CPP, 149 non-CPP), 271 healthy girls, and 242 healthy boys (reference intervals only). First-morning urine was assayed for LH, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and creatinine. Diagnostic performance was evaluated primarily in the 295 symptomatic girls, with an extended analysis in 566 girls including healthy controls; multivariable logistic regression decomposed bone age into chronological age (CA) and the BA–CA difference as separate predictors. Results Urinary LH showed moderate accuracy for CPP in the primary symptomatic cohort (AUC 0.692, 95% CI 0.630–0.752), peaking in girls aged 7–8 years (AUC 0.708, 95% CI 0.621–0.785); the extended cohort gave similar results (AUC 0.712; secondary, spectrum-extended estimate). The LH-to-creatinine ratio offered no improvement. Basal serum LH was the superior single marker (AUC 0.868 vs 0.692, P < 0.001). The noninvasive Model 1 (CA + BA–CA + urinary LH + breast Tanner stage + uterine length) achieved a C-statistic of 0.853 (sensitivity 73.3%, specificity 83.2%), with CA, BA–CA, and urinary LH as independent predictors. Adding basal serum LH and FSH (Model 2) improved the C-statistic to 0.909; urinary LH retained independent significance (aOR 1.280, P = 0.024), whereas basal FSH was inversely associated with CPP. Bootstrap-corrected C-statistics were 0.838 (Model 1) and 0.893 (Model 2). Pubertal-onset cutoffs were >1.02 mIU/mL in girls and >0.95 mIU/mL in boys. Conclusions Decomposing bone age into CA and BA–CA enables tiered CPP risk stratification: the noninvasive model supports initial screening without blood sampling, and the complete model refines risk once serum gonadotropins become available. Urinary LH is a clinically useful component of tiered diagnostic algorithms for CPP.

Miao Huang, Xiyan Lu, Peipei Liu et al.

SurvivalCNRead at source

Peer-reviewed articleOpenAlex - Early Childhood7 Oct 2026

Beyond Modular Localization: Neurobiology of the Developing Language Network and Additional-Language Learning in Middle Childhood

Contemporary neuroscience has moved from classical localisationist accounts of language towards models in which language emerges from interacting neural systems. This critical integrative review examines the developing language network during middle childhood, with particular attention to neuroplasticity, verbal working memory, phonological processing, speech perception, oral repetition, and additional-language learning. It also considers intensive oral memorisation, including Qur'anic memorisation, as a culturally situated learning experience involving repeated listening, recitation, serial retrieval, articulation, attention, and teacher-guided correction. The review does not assume that memorisation improves intelligence or additional-language proficiency; instead, it identifies cognitive and linguistic processes that can be examined empirically. Contemporary evidence indicates that language relies on interacting cortical, white-matter, subcortical, and cerebellar systems rather than an isolated language centre. During childhood, functional specialisation, connectivity, attention, memory, and language processing continue to develop. Additional language learning provides further evidence for experience-dependent plasticity, although outcomes vary with age, exposure, proficiency, instruction, and individual differences. The Arabic–English phonetic interface is considered cautiously, particularly stop-voicing and voice-onset-time patterns. The review emphasises that /p/ is not a native phonemic contrast in Modern Standard Arabic and is absent as a native phoneme in many Arabic varieties, rather than assuming it is absent from all Arabic dialects. The authors propose a Developmentally Informed Neuro-Language Framework (DINF) to connect neural development, cognitive-linguistic processing, cultural learning experience, and pedagogy. DINF is conceptual and requires empirical validation. The review concludes by proposing a research agenda for Libyan children that separates culturally situated learning experience from measurable cognitive, phonological, auditory, and additional-language outcomes.

Manar Al-Mabrouk Alosta

DevelopmentLYRead at source

Peer-reviewed articleOpenAlex - Early Childhood7 Oct 2026

The developmental dopamine trajectory hypothesis of ADHD across the lifespan

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is increasingly recognized as a lifespan neurodevelopmental disorder, yet the mechanisms underlying its changing clinical presentation across development remain poorly understood. Although childhood ADHD is typically characterized by hyperactivity, impulsivity, and inattention, symptom expression frequently evolves during adolescence and adulthood toward greater reward dysregulation, executive dysfunction, motivational impairment, internal restlessness, and changing manifestations of emotional dysregulation. Existing neurobiological models have substantially advanced understanding of ADHD pathophysiology but provide limited explanation for how symptom continuity can coexist with developmental changes in clinical expression. Here, we propose the Developmental Dopamine Trajectory Hypothesis, which posits that DAT related dopaminergic dysregulation may interact with the sequential maturation of frontostriatal, mesolimbic, and mesocortical circuits to contribute to developmental changes in ADHD symptom expression across the lifespan. A central proposition of the framework is that the functional consequences of DAT related dopaminergic dysregulation depend on the developmental state of the neural circuits on which it acts. Within this framework, childhood manifestations may arise primarily from interactions between dopaminergic vulnerability and developing frontostriatal networks, adolescent manifestations from increasing involvement of reward and emotion related circuitry, and adult manifestations from interactions with mature executive control and motivational systems. By integrating evidence from longitudinal clinical studies, neuroimaging, electrophysiology, pharmacology, genetics, and translational DAT models, the proposed framework provides a mechanistic model for how developmental changes in neural circuit state may contribute to changing symptom expression despite continuity of underlying neurobiological vulnerability. The hypothesis generates testable predictions regarding longitudinal symptom trajectories, developmental biomarker changes, potential developmental differences in treatment responsiveness, and adolescence as a proposed critical neurodevelopmental transition period. Reconceptualizing ADHD through a developmental dopaminergic framework places developmental timing and neural circuit maturation at the center of the relationship between dopaminergic vulnerability and clinical phenotype, providing a basis for future longitudinal, mechanistic, and developmentally informed research across the lifespan.

Raly James Perez Custodio, Stephan Getzmann, Edmund Wascher et al.

SurvivalDevelopmentDEUSGBPHRead at source

Peer-reviewed articleOpenAlex - Early Childhood7 Oct 2026

Assistive device usage among children living with cerebral palsy: parents’ knowledge and perspective on its availability and usage at the Greater Accra Regional Hospital, Ghana

BACKGROUND: Assistive devices can benefit a wide range of people, including those living with disabilities; those affected by severe forms of disease or trauma; and those requiring rehabilitation. Access to these devices is limited in low- and middle-income countries. PURPOSE: The study explored parents' perspectives on the availability and use of assistive devices among children with cerebral palsy at the Greater Accra Regional Hospital in Ghana. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An explorative qualitative research design was employed, with purposive sampling used in recruiting parents of children with cerebral palsy. Data were collected through in-depth, face-to-face interviews using a semi-structured interview guide. Data were analysed through thematic analysis. RESULTS: Three main themes emerged: (1) parents' knowledge and understanding of assistive devices, (2) parents' experiences of children's usage of assistive devices, and (3) availability and accessibility of assistive devices for children with cerebral palsy. Participants demonstrated basic knowledge of assistive devices, mainly identifying mobility aids such as wheelchairs and walkers. While some expressed satisfaction with the benefits of these devices, others were dissatisfied with the limited range and lack of advanced technologies. Significant barriers to access were identified, including limited availability, complex acquisition processes, delays in obtaining devices, and high costs. CONCLUSION: The study concludes that, among children with cerebral palsy, access to assistive devices is constrained not only by the availability of the devices but also by a mismatch between children's individual functional needs and the type, affordability, and accessibility.

Comfort Ama Osei, Richard Kwaku Bawah, James Nii Amar Aryiku et al.

SurvivalDevelopmentGHRead at source

Peer-reviewed articleOpenAlex - Early Childhood7 Oct 2026

Evening light exposure and sleep phase shifts in adolescence and childhood: Literature review

Sleep regulation in children and adolescents relies on the interaction between homeostatic and circadian processes. The internal biological clock, located within the suprachiasmatic nuclei, is primarily synchronized by light. This light is detected by intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs), which are highly sensitive to short-wavelength blue light. Evening exposure to LED lighting and electronic screens can suppress melatonin secretion, promoting sleep phase delay. Children and adolescents are exceptionally vulnerable to this effect due to both anatomical and developmental factors. Combined with cognitive arousal from social media and the Fear of Missing Out (FOMO), this creates a "perfect storm," resulting in behavioral bedtime procrastination and a natural shift toward an evening chronotype. While it is crucial to distinguish this common developmental and behavioral shift from a clinical disorder, cumulative circadian disruption and social jetlag remain significant risk factors for Delayed Sleep-Wake Phase Disorder (DSWPD). Furthermore, chronic sleep restriction exhibits observational associations with poorer academic performance, potential long-term metabolic disturbances (such as obesity and insulin resistance), and an elevated risk of mood disorders and depression. Available evidence highlights the critical importance of light hygiene, including limiting evening screen exposure and promoting morning natural light. Medical interventions, such as melatonin and chronotherapy, should be carefully reserved for severe clinical cases. Finally, future longitudinal studies utilizing personal light dosimetry are needed, alongside systemic solutions like delayed school start times, to protect pediatric sleep health.

Krzysztof Leś, Magdalena Kronenberg, Tomasz Męcik-Kronenberg

SurvivalDevelopmentPLRead at source

Peer-reviewed articleOpenAlex - Early Childhood7 Oct 2026

Potential health impacts and costs of active case finding guided by Mycobacterium tuberculosis immunoreactivity survey results in Blantyre, Malawi: A mathematical modeling study

BACKGROUND: Active case finding (ACF) for tuberculosis (TB) can reduce transmission, yet efficient targeting requires high-quality surveillance data. We investigated the potential costs and impact of targeted ACF, guided by local estimates of the annual risk of TB infection (ARTI) derived from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) immunoreactivity survey data in children aged <5 years. METHODS AND FINDINGS: Using mathematical models parameterized with local data, we compared three case-finding approaches across 33 urban neighborhoods in Blantyre, Malawi: passive case finding (PCF) only; PCF with untargeted ACF; and PCF with ARTI-guided targeted ACF. Health outcomes (life expectancy, disability-adjusted life years [DALYs]) and costs were estimated using a Markov microsimulation model. Costs were assessed from health system and societal perspectives. Results were calculated for different assumptions about the relationship between ARTI and true TB prevalence. Compared to PCF-only, untargeted ACF was estimated to improve life expectancy by 3.3 years (95% credible interval (CrI) [1.7, 5.4]) for individuals with TB disease, but at high cost. Targeted ACF covering half of the study population was estimated to identify 80% of all individuals with TB and achieved a lower cost per DALY averted (US$400, 95% CrI [20,1,000]) than untargeted ACF (US$700, 95% CrI [100, 1,500]). In the main analysis, these cost-effectiveness ratios exceeded available cost-effectiveness thresholds for Malawi, although cost-effectiveness improved under assumptions of higher TB prevalence or greater transmission reduction. The findings are based on mathematical modeling and are subject to several limitations, including assumptions regarding the relationship between ARTI and TB prevalence, which remains uncertain. CONCLUSIONS: Targeting ACF using Mtb immunoreactivity survey data could substantially improve health impact and cost-effectiveness compared to untargeted approaches. However, low-cost approaches for collecting these data are needed for wider adoption.

Sun Kim, Melike Hazal Can, Hannah M. Rickman et al.

MWRead at source

Every report we find, newest first.

How to use the reports

Principals' Professional Competency in Increasing Teacher Performance in State Kindergartens of Tebo Regency, Jambi Province

Quality in early childhood education and care: relationships with pedagogical dynamics profiles

Early childhood science education in Bedouin communities

A pedagogia de projetos na Educação Infantil: um relato de experiência do projeto A vida dos dinossauros

First-morning urinary luteinizing hormone and bone age decomposition for diagnosis of central precocious puberty in girls: a two-step prediction model study

Beyond Modular Localization: Neurobiology of the Developing Language Network and Additional-Language Learning in Middle Childhood

The developmental dopamine trajectory hypothesis of ADHD across the lifespan

Assistive device usage among children living with cerebral palsy: parents’ knowledge and perspective on its availability and usage at the Greater Accra Regional Hospital, Ghana

Evening light exposure and sleep phase shifts in adolescence and childhood: Literature review

Potential health impacts and costs of active case finding guided by Mycobacterium tuberculosis immunoreactivity survey results in Blantyre, Malawi: A mathematical modeling study

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