The objective of this narrative review is to analyze, through the estimates made in previous studies, the costs of medical, physical, and mental care, productivity losses, costs for the child protection system, and costs for the criminal justice system of violence against children and youth, with special emphasis on sexual violence. The reviewed studies confirm that violence in early stages of development is associated with greater use of health services and other resources, which represents a significant public investment that must be taken into account. These works have limitations that derive from the incomplete or unreliable data included regarding mortality and morbidity related to violence against children and that imply variable estimates of their costs, which in Spain range from 17 billion euros for adverse childhood experiences, to around €1 billion for sexual violence. Reliable data are needed on the costs of violence against children in order to make better-informed decisions about financial investment in its prevention and treatment, as well as to raise awareness of its scale and impact.
In Tunisia, eight out of ten children are victims of violence. More than half of children suffer physical punishment, and over 75% are victims of psychological aggression. This violence against children (VAC) imposes a severe societal burden, with significant and quantifiable economic costs. This study estimates the cost of violence against children in Tunisia, disaggregated by type of violence and sex, and examines the health and education-related losses. Current investment in prevention is also measured. This study used secondary data from international and Tunisian studies on the consequences of VAC to estimate the lifetime cost of VAC in Tunisia, discounted to 2022, using an incidence-based approach. The total cost of VAC in Tunisia is estimated at USD 865 million in 2022, approximately 1.9% of the country's GDP. Psychological violence represents the greatest burden among non-fatal forms of violence, totaling 460 million USD or 1% of GDP (2022). Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) account for the majority of the costs of non-fatal violence (470 million USD). The loss of lifetime income due to dropping out of school represents 356 million USD, while e xpenditure on prevention and care for victims of violence is estimated at 12 million USD in 2022. VAC imposes an economic burden on Tunisia, amounting to a considerable proportion of its GDP. Protecting Tunisian children is not only a fundamental human right but also a cost-saving investment. • Eight in ten Tunisian children are victims of violence. • Incidence-based approach quantifies direct and indirect costs of this violence. • Violence against children cost Tunisia USD 865M in 2022 (1.9% GDP). • Psychological violence accounts for largest non-fatal burden (USD 460M).
Hannah Mette Rowett, Antoine Deliege, Chadi Rabhi et al.
Sexual violence against children in sports receives little research attention. The aim of this Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses-based systematic literature review was to synthesize the up-to-date knowledge and identify the already known and the still unknown information in this area. The literature search yielded seven eligible studies for inclusion. Their key outcomes suggest that sexual violence against children in sports is prevalent. Girls are more often the victims than boys, but gender appears to mediate the disclosure. Minority groups are at higher risk for sexual violence, and athletes at higher levels of competition seem to be more vulnerable for grooming. While the coach is often seen as the perpetrator, new research suggests that peer-athletes may precede the coach. Disclosure is a problem, due to personal and interpersonal concerns, which deters scholastic research in this area. In the final section of the review, a "what we know" and "what we need to know" list of highlights is offered as the concluding summary of the review. These factual points could raise the awareness of parents and/or guardians about the vulnerability of their children to sexual abuse if they are involved in sports. They could also attract the attention of the policy makers to the urgent need of developing and implementing preventive measures to make sports and exercise environments pleasurable and safe for children.
The Asian Legal Resource Centre (ALRC) would like to draw the UN Human Rights Council's attention to the rise in violence against children in Pakistan.
ABSTRACT: Gun violence against children in the United States (U.S.) is a public health crisis which violates the human rights of its victims, resulting in lasting morbidity and death. Firearm-related injury is the leading cause of death for children under eighteen years old in the U.S. We use the United Nations (UN) Universal Declaration of Human Rights, UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, and UN Sustainable Development Goals to analyze gun violence against children in the U.S. from a human rights perspective. We recommend to 1) ratify the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, establishing a framework for comprehensive gun law reform, 2) partner with the UN Special Representative for the Secretary-General on Violence Against Children to draft policy, 3) increase gun violence research funding, and 4) implement evidence-based community violence prevention programs.
Mark T. Yost, Kasey Fernandez, Etoile Nelson et al.
The study concerns various possible ways of reporting violence against children by adults at school, divided into the school level and the external level procedures. Procedures for dealing with adult violence against children at school are specified in school regulations, while external mechanisms can be found, inter alia, in the Act on the Education System and the Children’s Ombudsman Act. The state mainly monitors school life and violence prevention in schools through Education Office supervision. The author notes that the available data on adult violence against children at school is not representative and that research on this issue is not conducted systematically. Currently, all entities whose activities involve working with children or where children are or may be present are obliged to prepare and implement the ‘Standards for the Protection of Minors’.
Introduction: Violence against children refers to any act that causes suffering and distress, whether physically, mentally, sexually, or psychologically, including actions that degrade the dignity of a child.Purposes of The Devotion: To raise awareness about the impact of violence against children at Sekolah Menengah Pertama Negeri 7 Ambon. Method of The Devotion: The method used in the implementation of assistance and educational activities on legal counseling regarding child legal protection at State Junior High School 7 Ambon.Results Main Findings of the Devotion: Socialization for the students of State Junior High School 7 Ambon: Through this community service activity, we have all learned that violence against children—whether physical, verbal, or emotional, can have very serious impacts on personal development, self-confidence, and the future of the child.
Iqbal Taufik, Muammar Muammar, Muchtar Anshary Hamid Labetubun et al.
As the next generation of the nation, children should get their rights and needs adequately. On the other hand, they are not objects (targets) of acts of arbitrariness and inhumane treatment from anyone or any party. Children who are considered vulnerable to acts of violence and abuse, should be cared for, cared for, educated as well as possible, so that they grow and develop in a healthy and normal manner. That alone needs to be done, so that in the future there will not be a lost generation. Criminal law enforcement regulations for perpetrators of violence against children in Indonesia are not based on the value of justice because of the perpetrators of violence against children themselves, where the perpetrators are does not see the law as a law that will bind an action that he has committed but only as an ordinary rule that can be deceived by perpetrators of violence, it is evident that in recent years in Indonesia and in neighboring countries violence against children is still relatively high, This proves that criminal law regulations for perpetrators of violence against children are still considered small, and even more so if there is peace between the parents of the victim and the perpetrator, peace here is in the form of compensation or restitution which does not create a sense of the value of justice for victims of violence, which is essentially considered to have no deterrent effect on perpetrators of violence against children. The focused data is from the Province of North Sumatra, where for some time this area has always received public attention regarding violence against children. In North Sumatra in 2018 there were 1,030 cases recorded with Medan City being the highest, in 2019 there were 705 cases, in 2020 there were 641 cases, in 2021 there were 994 cases with Langkat Regency being the highest, and in 2022 there were 962 cases the highest. It should be noted from the data obtained, from 2018 to 2022 the age of children as victims is between the ages of 13-17 and sexual violence is the highest type of violence, and ranks number two in types of physical violence weak law enforcement in the process of not being able to make legal wishes come true. These legal regulations will also determine how law enforcement will be carried out. As is the case in Law Number 35 of 2014 concerning Child Protection where prosecution is lighter than the threat of punishment stipulated by law so that the judge's decision is considered relatively light in cases of violence against children. Reconstruction of criminal law regulations for victims of violence against children in the application of a statutory regulation must look at all elements of life in society, especially if it concerns law in the public sphere. Children as shoots, potentials and the younger generation to continue the ideals of the nation's struggle have a strategic role, special characteristics as well, so they must be protected from all forms of inhumane treatment that can result in violations of human rights.
Yusup, P, Anis Mashdurohatun, Sri Endah Wahyuningsih
OBJECTIVE: The epidemiology of violence against children is likely to differ substantially by sex and age of the victim and the perpetrator. Thus far, investment in effective prevention strategies has been hindered by lack of clarity in the burden of childhood violence across these dimensions. We produced the first age-specific and sex-specific prevalence estimates by perpetrator type for physical, sexual and emotional violence against children globally. DESIGN: We used random effects meta-regression to estimate prevalence. Estimates were adjusted for relevant quality covariates, variation in definitions of violence and weighted by region-specific, age-specific and sex-specific population data to ensure estimates reflect country population structures. DATA SOURCES: Secondary data from 600 population or school-based representative datasets and 43 publications obtained via systematic literature review, representing 13 830 estimates from 171 countries. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR SELECTING STUDIES: Estimates for recent violence against children aged 0-19 were included. RESULTS: The most common perpetrators of physical and emotional violence for both boys and girls across a range of ages are household members, with prevalence often surpassing 50%, followed by student peers. Children reported experiencing more emotional than physical violence from both household members and students. The most common perpetrators of sexual violence against girls aged 15-19 years are intimate partners; however, few data on other perpetrators of sexual violence against children are systematically collected internationally. Few age-specific and sex-specific data are available on violence perpetration by schoolteachers; however, existing data indicate high prevalence of physical violence from teachers towards students. Data from other authority figures, strangers, siblings and other adults are limited, as are data on neglect of children. CONCLUSIONS: Without further investment in data generation on violence exposure from multiple perpetrators for boys and girls of all ages, progress towards Sustainable Development Goals 4, 5 and 16 may be slow. Despite data gaps, evidence shows violence from household members, peers in school and for girls, from intimate partners, should be prioritised for prevention. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: PROSPERO 2015: CRD42015024315.
Karen M. Devries, Louise Knight, Max Petzold et al.
Violence against children has been one of the most brutal and serious problems in our contemporary society. Children in institutional care, schools and even in their own homes are subjected to some type of violence, regardless of their ethnicity, religion, caste, gender and culture. This could seriously affect their physical, mental, emotional and social well-being. The child violence can be caused by a number of reasons including their socio-economic factors, cultural norms, beliefs and their household environment. For the prevention of child violence, an effective and collective effort is required. From implementing strong and effective laws to providing education and community awareness, the prevention and elimination of child violence from the society could be a long and complex process .This paper studies and discusses the different types of violences, it’s consequences on the children and the various ways through which we could reduce and eliminate it from our society.
