Current approaches for modeling discrete-valued outcomes associated with spatially-dependent areal units incur computational and theoretical challenges, especially in the Bayesian setting when full posterior inference is desired. As an alternative, we propose a novel statistical modeling framework for this data setting, namely a mixture of directed graphical models (MDGMs). The components of the mixture, directed graphical models, can be represented by directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) and are computationally quick to evaluate. The DAGs representing the mixture components are selected to correspond to an undirected graphical representation of an assumed spatial contiguity/dependence structure of the areal units, which underlies the specification of traditional modeling approaches for discrete spatial processes such as Markov random fields (MRFs). Notably, the MDGM is not proposed as an approximation to an MRF, but rather as an alternative that provides valid posterior inference while being computationally faster than exact MRF inference and more principled than the pseudo-likelihood approximation (aMRF) commonly used in practice. We introduce the concept of compatibility to show how an undirected graph can be used as a template for the dependencies between areal units to create sets of DAGs which, as a collection, preserve the dependencies represented in the template undirected graph. Lastly, we compare highlighted classes of MDGMs to MRFs and a popular Bayesian MRF model approximation used in high-dimensional settings in a series of simulations and an analysis of ecometrics data collected as part of the Adolescent Health and Development in Context Study.
At present, there is a serious lack of attention given by China to the systematic cultivation and early development of positive psychological qualities in students. Mental health education has focused more on identifying and counselling children’s mental health problems and intervening in serious mental illness; thus, teachers are also more likely to focus on the existing or potential psychological distress of their students. To some extent, this educational model fails to cover all aspects of mental health education because it is problem-focused. Based on the ideas of positive psychology, this paper examines the current situation of mental health education in primary schools and, according to its theoretical and practical value and significance, proposes some specific implementation strategies. It aims to improve the effectiveness of mental health education in primary schools and offer a reference for the implementation and development of such education for primary school students.
Abstract This study examines intergenerational learning within a community‐based art education (CBAE) summer programme serving multilingual BIPOC youth in Oakland, California. Using embedded ethnography, semi‐structured interviews and surveys, we investigated how high school youth and adult teaching artists co‐created public art installations for community spaces. Grounded in communities of practice, culturally sustaining pedagogy and constructionism, findings reveal three interconnected outcomes: first, youth developed technical artistic and professional workforce competencies through hands‐on mentorship; second, newcomer youth practised English organically through low‐stakes collaborative art‐making; and third, participants deepened civic engagement and cultural identity by connecting personal immigrant experiences to local place‐based histories. This learning flowed in both directions, disrupting traditional power dynamics as adult artists also deepened their facilitation, leadership and community‐engaged practices through working alongside youth. This study contributes to CBAE by demonstrating how reciprocal intergenerational public art‐making creates unique conditions that bring together skill development, language practice, civic engagement and workforce readiness within BIPOC communities.
Abstract Psychiatric residential treatment (RT) is one of the most restrictive levels of care for youth with severe emotional and behavioral challenges. Despite the complex needs of youth involved in RT, their perspectives remain underrepresented in research, limiting knowledge regarding approaches for engaging this population in research. This paper describes findings from the Families in Transition (FIT) Study, a randomized controlled trial that evaluated a group-based behavioral parent training program for parents of youth in RT. The current study was conceptually framed as a feasibility study of engaging youth in RT research. Data were collected from parents and youth at baseline, 6 weeks, and 6 months using measures of emotional and behavioral functioning, placement restrictiveness, and mental health symptoms. Feasibility was assessed through recruitment, enrollment, and retention, as well as barriers encountered during youth engagement. Although 64 parents enrolled in the parent study, only five youth enrolled in the youth component. Review of recruitment records and study notes identified multiple barriers to youth participation, including challenges associated with recruiting youth while residing in RT, parent apprehension regarding participation burden and emotional distress, and difficulties related to remote data collection. Procedural adaptations included prioritizing post-discharge recruitment, flexible scheduling, enhanced communication with parents, and implementation of extensive safety protocols. As a secondary exploratory objective, parent and youth responses on shared measures were compared descriptively. Although based on a small sample, parent and youth reports differed in their perceptions of emotional and behavioral concerns and placement restrictiveness. Findings highlight the challenges of engaging youth in RT in research and underscore the importance of collaboration, flexible procedures, and innovative approaches to incorporating youth voice in mental health research.
Sophie Berger, Susan M. Breitenstein, Nathan P. Helsabeck et al.
Abstract Studies of identity‐based discrimination among Chinese youth attending vocational schools and working in urban areas are scarce. To contribute to the global understanding, we adopted an explanatory sequential mixed‐methods design with 204 Chinese internal migrant youth (Aged 16–24, 68.1% male, M age = 20.17 years, SD = 1.57) to examine the associations between perceived discrimination and psychological adjustment, and the moderating roles of coping and perceived social support. In the first phase, participants completed self‐report measures, and in the second phase, we interviewed a subsample of 47 youth to contextualize our quantitative trends. Quantitative findings showed that perceived discrimination was negatively linked to self‐esteem and positively to depressive symptoms, whereas active‐approach coping and social support were positively related to self‐esteem and negatively with depressive symptoms. Expressive‐evading coping covaried positively with depressive symptoms. We also found that passive‐avoidant coping exacerbated the associations between discrimination and depressive symptoms. The roles of active coping and social support in relation to self‐esteem varied by age. Qualitative data showed that migration status, rural origin, and regional dialects were the most cited reasons for experiencing discrimination, occurring most frequently in immediate neighborhoods and schools by locals and classmates. Most youth turned to close friends for emotional support, rather than parents, teachers, or classmates. Many would ignore or distract themselves from the experiences, and sometimes would actively cope with the stress. Both quantitative and qualitative findings reveal the unique challenges Chinese migrant youth encounter and distinct pathways of resilience in adapting to urban settings.
Permanent-tooth impaction during the mixed dentition is time-sensitive because eruption potential, root formation, arch space, and relationships with adjacent structures change during growth.This comprehensive narrative review evaluated evidence concerning pediatric diagnosis, interception, surgical exposure, orthodontic traction, treatment failure, and post-treatment outcomes.PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched from inception through August 2026, with supplementary targeted searching.Diagnosis should integrate eruption symmetry and progression, space conditions, tooth-specific warning signs, and clinically directed imaging.Barrier removal and space provision may permit spontaneous eruption in favorable immature teeth, whereas primary-canine extraction may benefit selected palatal displacements but is not uniformly predictive.When definitive treatment is required, surgical access and orthodontic mechanics should be designed together.Evidence does not establish a universally superior exposure technique; tissue management, attachment placement, traction direction, and anchorage should follow anatomy and the intended eruption pathway.A defined path, usable space, stable anchorage, and staged movement away from vulnerable structures are more defensible than prescribing a named appliance or universal force threshold.Although alignment is often achievable in selected cases, periodontal, pulpal, root, esthetic, and stability outcomes remain relevant, together with repeat exposure, ankylosis, and adjacent-tooth injury.The literature is predominantly retrospective, concentrated on maxillary canines, and heterogeneous in definitions, protocols, and follow-up.The clinically responsible objective is not preservation of the impacted tooth at any cost, but selection of the strategy most likely to provide the growing child with a healthy periodontium, maintainable occlusion, and acceptable long-term restorative options.
Rama Almutlaq, Majid A AlHarthi, Faisal Albahkali et al.
The cultivation of character strengths like gratitude can enhance children’s well-being and prosocial behavior. While school-based interventions exist, there is a lack of rigorously evaluated, gamified tools that explicitly teach gratitude to preadolescent children. This study evaluated the effectiveness of Grati y la Isla de la Gratitud , an educational game to enhance children’s understanding and expression of gratitude. Using a mixed-methods, quasi-experimental design, we worked with 304 children (aged 9–12) from public and private schools. Pre-post and post-only measures demonstrated that the intervention group displayed significantly more complex understandings of gratitude, incorporating more conceptual elements (benefactor, beneficiary, benefit, effort) in their definitions and reporting a greater variety of gratitude expressions (verbal, concrete, connective) compared to the control group. Qualitative analysis of interviews with a subset of 17 participants showed that children successfully identified gratitude elements and expressions within the game’s narratives and transferred them to personalized “gratitude plans” for everyday life. Participants also reported high levels of satisfaction and perceived educational value from the game, although some noted challenges with specific mini-games. The findings indicate that a gamified intervention can improve preadolescents’ conceptual and practical understanding of gratitude, offering a digital tool for character education in school settings.
Yvonne Gómez, Gordon Ingram, Sonia Carrillo et al.
Abstrak: Penggunaan media sosial yang tinggi pada remaja belum diimbangi dengan literasi kesehatan mental yang memadai, sementara kader kesehatan Posyandu Remaja masih memiliki keterbatasan pengetahuan dan media edukasi. Kegiatan pengabdian ini bertujuan meningkatkan kapasitas kader kesehatan dalam edukasi kesehatan mental remaja terkait dampak media sosial. Metode yang digunakan meliputi sosialisasi, penyuluhan, pelatihan komunikasi edukatif, pendampingan, serta penyediaan media edukasi berupa leaflet dan poster. Mitra kegiatan terdiri dari 24 kader kesehatan posyandu remaja di salah satu desa di Kabupaten Tegal. Evaluasi dilakukan menggunakan pretest dan posttest dengan instrumen 20 soal. Indikator keberhasilan kegiatan meliputi peningkatan pengetahuan dan kemampuan komunikasi edukatif kader setelah pelaksanaan program. Hasil menunjukkan rata-rata nilai pengetahuan meningkat dari 81,46 menjadi 93,54 (naik 12,08 poin), sedangkan kemampuan komunikasi edukatif meningkat dari 69,20 menjadi 95,00 (naik 25,80 poin). Selain itu, 70,8% peserta menilai program sangat baik. Luaran kegiatan meliputi leaflet ber-HKI, poster edukasi, dan pembentukan Gerakan “Sahabat Remaja Sehat” sebagai bentuk keberlanjutan program.Abstract: High social media usage among adolescents has not been matched by adequate mental health literacy, while health volunteers at Adolescent Integrated Health Posts (Posyandu Remaja) still face limitations regarding knowledge and educational materials. This community service initiative aimed to enhance the capacity of health volunteers to provide education on adolescent mental health in the context of social media’s impact. The methods employed included awareness-raising sessions, educational outreach, training in educational communication, mentoring, and the provision of educational materials such as leaflets and posters. The project patners consisted of 24 adolescent health volunteers from a village in Tegal Regency. Evaluation was conducted using pre-and post-tests compresing 20 questions. Success indicators included improvements in the average knowledge score rose from 81.46 to 93.54 (an increase of 12.08 points), while educational communication skills improved from 69.20 to 95.00 (an increase of 25.80 points). Additionally, 70.8% of participants rated the program as excellent. Projeck outputs included intellectual property-registered leaflets, educational posters, and the establishment of the “Healthy Adolescent Friends” (Sahabat Remaja Sehat) Movement to ensure program sustainability.
Mutiarawati Mutiarawati, Reny Eka Saputri, Istiqomah Dwi Andari et al.
With challenges related to interpersonal violence in sport as a backdrop, this paper examines how cultural institutions operate across societal contexts and what this means for Safe Sport implementation in six European Mediterranean countries: Cyprus, Greece, Italy, Malta, Portugal and Spain. In an earlier study, interviews with individuals educating and recruiting coaches (n = 60, 10 from each country) and thematic analysis identified three institutions that constrain Safe Sport implementation: patriarchy, a winning (at-all-costs) attitude and an orientation towards blindness and silence. In this paper, we conduct a theory-driven secondary analysis of the same data, understanding institutions as three pillars(regulative, normative and cultural-cognitive) to examine how these institutions are carried and reproduced across three carriers of interrelated contexts: the state, the family and sport. The analysis demonstrates that the states’ weak regulative role allows these institutions to function, families socialise their members into accepting them and in sport they operate largely unchallenged. For Safe Sport implementation to progress, several carriers of institutions must change relatively simultaneously. States must provide not only laws but protection systems for those who report harm; families must socialise children to recognise and speak about unacceptable behaviour; and sport organisations need structures that support rather than penalise disclosure.
Eivind Asrum Skille, Per Øystein Hansen, Antonis Alexopoulos et al.
INTRODUCTION: The right to build a family is central to decision-making around reproductive health, social inclusion and citizenship. Yet, in societies that privilege cis-heteronormative ways of reproducing, individuals whose bodies, identities, and relationships exist outside of these norms may be susceptible to reproductive injustice during their fertility journeys. This is arguably the case for transgender and non-binary (trans) people involved in decision-making about their reproductive futures. METHODS: This article investigates barriers to the fertility preservation journeys of trans individuals making decisions about gamete freezing for gender transition-related reasons. The discussion draws primarily on data collected from an interview study with 13 trans people in Aotearoa New Zealand, aged between 19 and 30 years. Analyses of YouTube video blog and survey data support the discussion. FINDINGS: Study findings indicate a need for more information in a range of healthcare and educative settings about reproductive options for trans people; the presence of a generational shift in reproductive orientations for some participants toward the option of biogenetic parenthood as well as non-consanguineous forms of doing family; and relational decisionmaking about gamete freezing that is interactively negotiated with family and discussed with others, rather than purely agentic. CONCLUSION: To address the study findings, we call for healthcare professionals and social work practitioners to actively include the voices of trans and queer (LGBTQIA+) youth in education programming, policy, and decision-making as a step towards reimagining and securing equitable access to sexual and reproductive health, fertility care, and diverse reproductive paths for all people.
