Across A state in which one is protected from hazards resulting from deliberate human actions (8). The term used to denote the number of deaths of infants per 1000 live births (4). The first woman to have provided nurturing care (3). An activity that if started early by parents can increase the vocabulary of pre-schoolers (4, in conjunction with 11 Down). A type of enzyme that should be monitored in well child visits of children on Sodium Valproate (3, abbr.). The missing word in the motto for Early Childhood Development, Survive, ____, and Transform (6). Down A state in which one is protected from hazards caused by natural forces (6). Nurturing means provision of this (4). A term used to promote reciprocity of child-parent interactions that is derived from racquet sports, i.e., serve and ___ (6). In positive parenting caregivers are instructed not to do this in response to temper tantrums (5). Universal nurturing care is meant for them (3). A leading form of pollution that causes poor health in infants and children (3). An example of 3 Down. When a child says 'Ae', the parent should say this (2). The word used in conjunction with 7 across (2).
Children are more likely to develop and reach their full potential when they are protected from disease, provided proper nutrition, and live in stimulating and safe environments. Unfortunately, many children are deprived of nurturing care and favorable environment. In the Philippines, one-third of children under five years old were stunted based on 2015 estimates. This study aims to contribute in determining appropriate strategies for early childhood care and development interventions (ECCD) for the first 1000 days in a child’s life by conducting a situation analysis in selected local government units in the province of Samar. It aims to examine the contextual factors underlying ECCD-F1KD interventions with emphasis on the policy and governance, the inputs and processes of planning and implementation of ECCD-F1KD programs and services, and the nurturing care practices of parents and caregivers. Results from the study emphasize, among others, the need for greater focus and resources to address current malnutrition problems and prevent malnutrition among children in the future. Likewise, there is a need for more integrated planning amongst local offices and clearer delineation of roles for ECCD F1KD initiatives. There is also a need to establish objective metrics during planning and implementation, as well as capacitation of LGUs to conduct monitoring and evaluation. The capacity of the human resources and health infrastructure must also be improved through ample capacitation and compensation for personnel, as well as rethinking deployment of health workers and positioning of health facilities to improve access to health and nutrition services. Finally, initiatives must be designed to improve health and nutrition knowledge of parents, to provide safe environments for children, and to promote sustainable livelihoods so that households can better provide nurturing care.
There is surely rapid development of toddler and preschool age children, especially related to human brain development. Poor development among under-five children in Indonesia in 2010 is ranged 40–59%. Global data shows that there is triple burden of malnutrition, and amongst improper behavior, the two highest clinical symptoms are hyperactivity and showing anger when displeased. This shows that children need nurturing care in which has its contribution through the life course.
This study examines the mediating effect of nurturing efficacy in relation to social support and nurturing attitude among child's mothers who send their children to a day care center. A survey was conducted on 173 mothers that have children in day care centers currently in Seoul and Gyeong-gi Province, South Korea. Social support, nurturing attitude, and nurturing efficacy were surveyed as a study tool and the survey data was analyzed with correlation analysis and regression analysis using SPSS 23.0. The results of the study are as follows. First, social support, nurturing attitude, and nurturing efficacy had static correlation with each subfactor. However, the controlled, rejected nurturing attitude, which is an opposite concept of positive nurturing, had a generally significant non-correlation with the other variables. Second, social support affected mothers' nurturing attitude, which leads to mothers' nurturing efficacy as one of the mediating variables. Therefore, this study indicated the understanding of not only mother's nurturing attitude but also perceiving the importance of mother's nurturing education and social support.
The Chinese government has established a three-tier maternal care system covering the entire country and providing integrated antenatal care (ANC) for pregnancies. This study aimed to analyze the direct and indirect effects of ANC services on early childhood development. A community-based cross-sectional survey was conducted for mothers' ANC visits and assessments of early childhood development in Shanxi and Guizhou provinces, China. A total of 1660 mother-child dyads were included in current analyses: 29.2% of mothers did not receive any ANC (ANC1), 23.3% of mothers received ANC three or fewer times (ANC2), and 47.5% of mothers received ANC four or more times (ANC3). Children whose mothers received ANC services had a significantly lower risk of overall developmental delay (OR = 0.60, 95% CI: 0.44-0.81 for ANC2; and OR = 0.44, 95% CI: 0.34-0.59 for ANC3) and social-emotional developmental delay (OR = 0.68, 95% CI: 0.49-0.94 for ANC3). Furthermore, a significant pathway relationship mediated by maternal depression and nurturing care was found between ANC and developmental delay. This study showed ANC services significantly reduced the risk of developmental delay in offspring. We also suggest that a nationwide ANC system can be a good delivery platform for scaled-up early childhood development interventions.
OBJECTIVE: package into nutrition services after 10 months of implementation. DESIGN: We measured changes in RCEL practices through a pre- and post-intervention assessment comprising a household survey and observations. To implement the intervention, we trained health service staff and community volunteers to deliver RCEL counselling to caregivers of children 0-23 months of age through existing community and facility-level platforms. SETTING: Jalal-Abad and Batken regions in the Kyrgyz Republic. PARTICIPANTS: Caregivers of children aged 0-23 months at baseline. RESULTS: We found statistically significant increases in RCEL practices, availability of early learning opportunities in the home, decreases in parenting stress and improvements in complementary feeding practices after the intervention implementation period. CONCLUSIONS: was associated with improved responsive care practices and early learning opportunities. We also found that integration of RCEL with infant and young child feeding counselling did not disrupt nutrition service delivery or negatively affect complementary feeding outcomes, but rather suggest synergistic benefits. Given the importance of providing holistic care to support optimal early childhood development, these findings provide new evidence on how to strengthen the delivery of nurturing care services in the Kyrgyz Republic.
Lesley Oot, Veronica W. Varela, Cholpon Abdimitalipova et al.
BACKGROUND: Nurturing care is necessary for optimal early childhood development. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of parental risks in rural East China and assess their impacts on early development in children younger than three years old. METHODS: This community-based cross-sectional survey was conducted among 3852 caregiver-child pairs in Zhejiang Province from December 2019 to January 2020. Children aged 0 to 3 years were recruited from China's Early Childhood Development Program (ECD). Local child health care providers conducted face-to-face interviews with the primary caregivers. Demographic information of the participants was collected by questionnaire. Each child was screened for parental risk through the Parental Risk Checklist designed by the ECD program. The Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ) was used to identify children with potential developmental delays. Multinomial logistic regression model and linear trend test were applied to assess the association between parental risks and suspected developmental delays. RESULTS: Among the 3852 children included in the analyses, 46.70% had at least one parental risk and 9.01% presented suspected developmental delays in any domain of ASQ. Parental risk was statistically associated with the overall suspected developmental delay in young children (Relative Risk Ratio (RRR): 1.36; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.08, 1.72; P = 0.010) after adjusting potential confounders. Compared with children with no parental risk, children exposed to 3 or more parental risks had 2.59, 5.76, 3.95, and 2.84 times higher risk of the suspected developmental delay in overall ASQ, communication, problem-solving, and personal-social domain, respectively (P values < 0.05). The linear trend tests found that the more parental risks, the higher possibility of developmental delay (P values < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Parental risks are prevalent among children under three years in rural East China, which may increase the risk of developmental delays in children. Meanwhile, parental risk screening can be used to recognize poor nurturing care in primary health care settings. Targeted interventions are warranted to improve nurturing care for optimal early childhood development.
Shuangshuang Zheng, Jianing Fang, Guannan Bai et al.
Over the past two decades, the literature has shown a clear gradient between child health and wealth. The same health-wealth gradient is also observed among children in China, with a large gap in health between rural and urban children. However, there are still unanswered questions about the main causes of China's rural-urban child health inequality. This paper aims to review the major factors that have led to the relatively poor levels of health among China's rural children. In addition to the direct income effect on children's health, children in rural areas face disadvantages compared with their urban counterparts from the beginning of life: Prenatal care and infant health outcomes are worse in rural areas; rural caregivers have poor health outcomes and lack knowledge and support to provide adequate nurturing care to young children; there are large disparities in access to quality health care between rural and urban areas; and rural families are more likely to lack access to clean water and sanitation. In order to inform policies that improve health outcomes for the poor, there is a critical need for research that identifies the causal drivers of health outcomes among children. Strengthening the pediatric training and workforce in rural areas is essential to delivering quality health care for rural children. Other potential interventions include addressing the health needs of mothers and grandparent caregivers, improving parenting knowledge and nurturing care, improving access to clean water and sanitation for remote families, and most importantly, targeting poverty itself.
The first weeks after childbirth are a period of rapid learning, physical recovery, emotional adjustment, and relationship building. For a first-time mother, everyday activities such as feeding, holding, bathing, comforting, protecting warmth, interpreting crying, recognising illness, and deciding when to seek professional help may feel unfamiliar even when the mother is highly motivated to care for her baby. Postnatal education therefore needs to be viewed as an empowerment intervention rather than a discharge lecture. Its purpose is to transform information into practical competence, competence into confidence, and confidence into safe decisionmaking. The World Health Organization describes a positive postnatal experience as one in which women, newborns, partners, parents, caregivers, and families receive consistent information, reassurance, and support from competent health workers within a responsive health system. This narrative review synthesises evidence on postnatal education for first-time mothers with emphasis on maternal self-efficacy, breastfeeding, skin-to-skin contact, newborn hygiene, thermal care, safe sleep, recognition of danger signs, maternal recovery, mental health, family participation, community follow-up, and digital reinforcement. Evidence from parenting education research indicates that structured interventions can improve parental self-efficacy among first-time parents, while research focused specifically on first-time mother’s links social support and maternal self-efficacy with better postnatal psychological outcomes. Breastfeeding guidance is most effective when it is skilled, repeated, person-centred, and available across the continuum from pregnancy to the postnatal period. The review also considers the Indian context, where cultural diversity, family decision-making, variable health literacy, geographical barriers, and unequal access to postnatal support can influence maternal and newborn practices. Recent Indian evidence is especially relevant: a 2025 cluster-randomized trial found that a mobile messaging service delivering WHO-aligned postnatal advice improved several reported newborn and maternal care practices, while a 2026 systematic review found evidence that a structured predischarge education and skills-building programme followed by postdischarge support was associated with improved health outcomes, although the overall Indian evidence base remained limited and relied heavily on nonrandomized studies. The central conclusion is that postnatal education should be designed as a continuous partnership. It should respect the mother as an active decision-maker, include opportunities for practice and teach-back, involve family members with the mother’s consent, reinforce essential safety messages after discharge, and connect education with competent clinical assessment and referral. Empowering a first-time mother in this way may influence not only immediate newborn safety and maternal recovery but also the quality of caregiving relationships and the foundations of child development. The goal is not to produce a mother who never feels uncertain; it is to help her recognise what is normal, know what requires attention, feel capable of seeking help, and develop confidence through supported experience
Background: Nurturing care within the home environment is fundamental to early childhood development. Parenting style may influence caregiver-provided stimulation, a key component of nurturing care. This study aimed to examine the association between authoritative parenting style and caregiver stimulation as forms of nurturing care among Indonesian preschool-age children. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2023 among 382 parents of children aged 3 to 6 years enrolled in kindergartens in Jakarta. Data were collected using self-administered questionnaires, including the Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ) and the Index of Child Care Environment (ICCE). Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the association between authoritative parenting style and adequate caregiver stimulation, adjusting for parent working status, parent age, parent gender, and number of children in the household. Results: The mean age of the children was 60.4 months (SD = 13.87), and 50.5% were boys. The regression analysis showed that an authoritative parenting style was significantly associated with higher odds of sufficient caregiver stimulation (adjusted OR = 2.61, 95% CI: 1.40–4.88; p < 0.005). Conclusions: Authoritative parenting style was positively associated with caregiver stimulation among preschool-aged children in Jakarta. Parents may consider adopting parenting approaches that support optimal early childhood development.
Yuri Nurdiantami, Hilda Meriyandah Agil, Smarika Shrestha et al.
