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17,582 reports · page 1711 of 1759

Peer-reviewed articleCrossref30 Dec 2025

Assessment of timely childhood immunisation coverage and its determinants among caregivers in Bayelsa State

Timely childhood immunisation remains a critical public health priority in Bayelsa State, where gaps in vaccination schedules and caregiver-related factors continue to influence full and age-appropriate immunisation coverage among children. This study investigated the timely childhood immunisation coverage and its determinants among 3456 caregivers of children 0-59 months in Bayelsa State, focusing on caregivers’ knowledge, attitudes, and socio-demographic factors. A cross-sectional descriptive design was used to assess timely childhood immunisation coverage and its determinants among caregivers in Bayelsa State/ Caregivers were selected through multistage sampling across eight local government areas of Bayelsa State. Data were collected using structured interviewer-administered questionnaires, and descriptive statistics (mean criterion = 3.0) were used to assess caregivers’ awareness and attitudes toward timely childhood immunisation, while multiple linear regression at a 95% confidence interval examined the influence of key factors and the relationship between caregivers’ knowledge, attitudes, and timely immunisation coverage in Bayelsa State. Results were presented in figures, tables, frequencies and percentages. The findings indicated that the majority of the caregivers are between 26 and 45, with a mean age of 37.7. There is moderate immunisation timeliness, with approximately 1693 (49%) of children receiving vaccines exactly as scheduled and 2730 (79%) completing all doses by 12 months. Caregivers’ good awareness and positive attitudes were significantly associated with timely immunisation, supported by robust chi-square and logistic regression analyses. Key barriers impacting timeliness included distance to health facilities, transportation costs, and lack of family support, while reminders and caregiver education facilitated timely uptake. In conclusion, the study underscores the need for integrated interventions combining caregiver education, community support, health system strengthening, and logistical access improvements. These insights contribute critical knowledge to enhance child health strategies and improve vaccination outcomes in Bayelsa State and similar settings.

Peer-reviewed articleCrossref25 Jul 2023

The impact of COVID-19 on routine child immunisation in South Africa

Abstract Background The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted immunisation programs worldwide, reversing gains that had brought vaccine-preventable diseases largely under control. This study explored the impact of COVID-19 on the uptake of routine child immunisation services in South Africa. Methods We conducted qualitative research using in-depth interviews with 51 purposively selected parents/caregivers of children below the age of five who missed or delayed one or more scheduled immunisation doses in 2020-2022 and with 12 healthcare providers who provided public immunisation services during the pandemic. Findings During the pandemic lockdowns, most caregivers perceived the risk of their child being infected with COVID-19 during a clinic visit as more salient than the risk of missing immunisation doses. Caregivers reported minimal exposure to routine immunisation communication, as well as shortages of routine vaccines for children at public health facilities; healthcare workers experienced anxiety and burnout. There was a post-pandemic shift to more active decision-making about immunisation, which had previously been an almost automatic behaviour, leading some caregivers to delay vaccinating their children. There was also evidence of a “bad vaccine” mental model among some caregivers regarding COVID vaccinations, which could lead to doubts about the safety of routine childhood vaccinations. Interpretation The shift from default to active decision-making highlights a risk that routine immunisation will backslide in future pandemics. Governments should build resilient health systems at all levels and communicate clearly about the benefits and availability of RIs and the safety of vaccinations in general, alongside supply-side interventions. Funding Final Mile Consulting funded this study.

Sangiwe Moyo, Anushka Ashok, Saransh Sharma et al.

SurvivalZARead at source

Peer-reviewed articleCrossref8 Feb 2023

Time series analysis of routine immunisation coverage during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2021 shows continued global decline and increases in Zero Dose children

Abstract Whilst it is now widely recognised that routine immunisation (RI) was disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 compared to previous immunisation performance, the extent of continued interruptions in 2021 and/or rebounds to previous trends remains unclear, with sporadic surveys reporting signs of immunisation system recovery at the end of 2020. We modelled country-specific RI trends using validated estimates of national coverage from the World Health Organisation and United Nation Children’s Fund for over 160 countries, to project expected diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis-containing vaccine first-dose (DTP1), third-dose (DTP3) and measles-containing vaccine first-dose (MCV1) coverage for 2021 based on pre-pandemic trends (from 2000-2019). We estimated a 3·6% (95%CI: [2·6%; 4·6%]) decline in global DTP3 coverage in 2021 compared to 2000-2019 trends, from an expected 90·1% to a reported 86·5% across 164 reporting countries, and similar results for DTP1 (2·8% decline; 95%CI: [2·0%; 3·6%]), and for MCV1 (3·8% decline; 95%CI: [4·8%; 2·7%]). 86·5% global coverage in 2021 represents a further decrease from that reported in 2020 and 2019, and translates to a 16-year setback in RI coverage, i.e., 2005 levels. Hypothesised and early signals of rebounds to pre-pandemic coverage were not seen in most countries. The Americas, Africa, and Asia were the most impacted regions, with low- and middle-income countries the most affected income groups. The number of Zero Dose children also continued to increase in 2021. DTP1 coverage declined worldwide from an expected 93·7% to a reported 90·9% (2·8% decline; 95%CI: [2·0%; 3·6%]) which translates into an additional 3.4 million Zero Dose children on top of an expected 11.0 million (30.9% increase) at the global level. We hope this work will provide an objective baseline to inform future interventions and prioritisation aiming to facilitate rebounds in coverage to previous levels and catch-up of growing populations of under- and un-immunised children.

Beth Evans, Olivia Keiser, Laurent Kaiser et al.

SurvivalRead at source

Peer-reviewed articleCrossref16 Jun 2020

Explaining socioeconomic inequalities in immunisation coverage in India: new insights from the fourth National Family Health Survey (2015–16)

Abstract Background Childhood vaccinations are a vital preventive measure to reduce disease incidence and deaths among children. As a result, immunisation coverage against measles was a key indicator for monitoring the fourth Millennium Development Goal (MDG), aimed at reducing child mortality. India was among the list of countries that missed the target of this MDG. Immunisation targets continue to be included in the post-2015 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), and are a monitoring tool for the Indian health care system. The SDGs also strongly emphasise reducing inequalities; even where immunisation coverage improves, there is a further imperative to safeguard against inequalities in immunisation outcomes. This study aims to document whether socioeconomic inequalities in immunisation coverage exist among children aged 12–59 months in India. Methods Data for this observational study came from the fourth round of the National Family Health Survey (2015–16). We used the concentration index to assess inequalities in whether children were fully, partially or never immunised. Where children were partially immunised, we also examined immunisation intensity. Decomposition analysis was applied to examine the underlying factors associated with inequality across these categories of childhood immunisation. Results We found that in India, only 37% of children are fully immunised, 56% are partially immunised, and 7% have never been immunised. There is a disproportionate concentration of immunised children in higher wealth quintiles, demonstrating a socioeconomic gradient in immunisation. The data also confirm this pattern of socioeconomic inequality across regions. Factors such as mother’s literacy, institutional delivery, place of residence, geographical location, and socioeconomic status explain the disparities in immunisation coverage. Conclusions In India, there are considerable inequalities in immunisation coverage among children. It is essential to ensure an improvement in immunisation coverage and to understand underlying factors that affect poor uptake and disparities in immunisation coverage in India in order to improve child health and survival and meet the SDGs.

Swati Srivastava, Jasmine Fledderjohann, Ashish Kumar Upadhyay

SurvivalINRead at source

Peer-reviewed articleCrossref8 Apr 2026

Immunisation coverage in Ethiopia: findings from the recent national immunisation survey

Background Though Ethiopia has achieved remarkable progress in immunisation services, there is limited evidence on comprehensive national immunisation coverage. Therefore, this national study evaluated the performance of life-course immunisation services. Methods This study was conducted in all Ethiopian regions and city administrations from March to July 2023. Two-stage stratified cluster sampling was used. About 13666 children aged 12-35 months, 5338 adolescent girls (15–18) and 13843 adults aged 12 years or more were included in the study. Child vaccination status was assessed through reviewing immunisation cards/health facility registration books/caregivers’ recall. A descriptive analysis was done with an adjusted sampling weight. Results Three-fourths of children aged 12-23 months received the first dose of the pentavalent vaccine, and two-thirds received the third dose of the Pentavalent Vaccine. About two-thirds and half of the children received the first and second doses of the Measles vaccine, respectively. The dropout rates for Pentavalent was 14.1% and for Measles, was 19.9%. Full immunisation coverage was 43.9%, and zero-dose children accounted for 24.7%. About 85% of mothers received the first dose of the Tetanus-Diphtheria vaccine. Half of adolescent girls received their first vaccination, and a quarter of them received a second dose of the HPV vaccine. Conclusions Although Ethiopia has made strides in child immunisation, coverage remains below national and global targets. Tetanus-diphtheria vaccine uptake was initially high but dropped significantly by the fourth and fifth doses. HPV vaccine coverage was suboptimal, with most not receiving the second or booster doses. Strengthening national efforts to address both demand and supply barriers is vital for increasing vaccine uptake.

Berhanu Fikadie Endehabtu, Getasew Amare, Yohannes Ayanaw et al.

SurvivalETRead at source

Peer-reviewed articleCrossref1 Jan 2025

Path to full immunisation coverage, role of each vaccine and their importance in the immunisation programme: a cross-sectional analytical study of India

Introduction Immunisation is vital in preventing infectious diseases and promoting public health. This study examines the immunisation landscape in India, focusing on absolute zero dose (defined as a child did not receive any single dose of vaccine as per the National Immunisation Schedule), antigen-wise zero dose (defined as children who did not receive any dose of specific vaccine but received some or complete dose of other vaccines), the pattern of undervaccination (defined as children who missed any one or more than one dose of vaccine from total eight doses of vaccine (one dose-BCG, three doses-DPT, three doses-OPV and one dose-measles vaccine) and immunisation cascade. Methods Using data from the National Family Health Survey-5, we analysed the immunisation status of 43 247 children across India. The prevalence of absolute zero-dose children, antigen-wise zero dose, co-coverage rates and cascade levels for vaccine combinations are assessed. The multilevel regression model has been applied to understand the likelihood of left-out and antigen-wise zero doses by socioeconomic determinants. Results Children lacking vaccination cards experience a higher prevalence of absolute zero dose cases (21.2%). Notably, scheduled tribes (4.1%), the Muslim group (5.4%) and the poorest wealth quintile (4.6%) exhibit the highest prevalence. Remarkably, within partially vaccinated (20%) children, 42.8% show zero dose for measles-containing vaccines, while 6.7% of children failed to achieve full immunisation coverage due to just one missed dose of vaccine. Further, 20% of the partially vaccinated subset revealed that 7.29% missed full immunisation coverage due to oral polio vaccine (OPV) dose gaps. Conclusions Targeted efforts are essential to bridge immunisation gaps and achieve universal coverage in India. Focusing on antigen-specific zero dose and partially vaccinated children, particularly those missing OPV doses and measles vaccine offers the potential to improve full immunisation coverage. Therefore, to achieve the IA2030 requires an intensified target for reaching absolute zero and antigen-wise zero dose.

Pritu Dhalaria, Pawan Kumar, Sanjay Kapur et al.

SurvivalINRead at source

Every report we find, newest first.

How to use the reports

Assessment of timely childhood immunisation coverage and its determinants among caregivers in Bayelsa State

Inequality in child immunization coverage in Ethiopia: evidence from Expanded Program for Immunization coverage survey

The impact of COVID-19 on routine child immunisation in South Africa

Time series analysis of routine immunisation coverage during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2021 shows continued global decline and increases in Zero Dose children

Explaining socioeconomic inequalities in immunisation coverage in India: new insights from the fourth National Family Health Survey (2015–16)

Respiratory syncytial virus immunisation overview

Immunisation coverage in Ethiopia: findings from the recent national immunisation survey

Path to full immunisation coverage, role of each vaccine and their importance in the immunisation programme: a cross-sectional analytical study of India

Income-related Inequity in Child Immunisation in India: Accounting for Horizontal and Vertical Inequity

Does outsourcing improve immunisation coverage among children aged 12–24 months in Pakistan?

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