Studies of prenatal exposure to non-persistent chemicals often assume biomarker measurements from a single urine sample can represent exposure pregnancy. The validity of this assumption depends on biomarker concentration variability across gestation, which is not well-characterized for many chemicals. To assess the intra-individual variability of non-persistent chemical concentrations measured in 3 pregnancy urine samples. We measured 154 analytes from 12 classes in 3 urine samples collected across gestation from 90 participants in 3 Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes Cohort sites. For each cohort site, we estimated intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) of 58 analytes with >60% detection using log2-transformed concentrations of specific gravity (SG)-standardized values. We classified analyte ICCs by the site-specific median relative to the limits of detection (LODs) to evaluate the influence of exposure levels on reliability estimates. As secondary analyses, we calculated kappa statistics for 56 analytes with 20–60% detection to assess agreement of detection frequencies across the 3 timepoints. ICCs (range: −0.12 to 0.91) varied by cohort site, except for benzophenone-1 and propyl paraben (consistently >0.5) and bisphenol F (consistently <0.1). We observed site-specific trends for parabens, benzophenones, antimicrobials, phthalates, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and aromatic amines. Analytes with median:LOD ratios >50 were more stable throughout pregnancy (e.g., benzophenones, propyl paraben, antimicrobials, and naphthalenes), except for some phthalate metabolites, which may indicate high sporadic exposures. Analytes with median:LOD ratios <10 had lower ICCs, except for benzophenone-8, which may indicate low-level chronic exposure. Kappa statistics of the 56 analytes with 20–60% detection ranged from −0.22 to 0.53. ICCs varied by cohort site. Lower ICCs were generally observed for analytes with lower concentrations. For the majority of non-persistent chemicals, a single pregnancy measure may better represent exposure near the time of sample collection rather than for the entire pregnancy. Understanding the intra-individual variability of urinary non-persistent chemical biomarkers across multiple pregnancy timepoints is important to inform study design, statistical analysis, and interpretation in future studies.
Giehae Choi, Xiaoshuang Xun, Deborah H. Bennett et al.
This study analyzes scientific production on educommunication in early childhood, primary, and secondary education in Ibero-America during the period 2020–2025. Using a descriptive and relational quantitative approach, and applying the criteria of the PRISMA 2020 statement, a sample of 255 publications retrieved from the Scopus, SciELO, and Redalyc databases was consolidated and processed using VOSviewer software. The results show a significant increase in publications between 2021 and 2022, driven by the health crisis, followed by a marked decline in 2025. Scientific articles overwhelmingly predominate, mainly focusing on experiences and practical cases related to digital competence and digital literacy, which reveals limited conceptual discussion. Geographically, Spain and Mexico lead scientific output within predominantly small-scale and individual collaboration networks, reflecting asymmetries in the circulation of knowledge around a concept that originated in Latin America. Finally, the keyword co-occurrence analysis identifies five thematic clusters and an evolution of the research agenda from ICT toward social media and computational thinking, revealing a complete lack of attention to artificial intelligence up to 2025
Abstract The majority of mental health conditions emerges before adulthood, with prevalence increasing especially during childhood and adolescence. Coupled with high comorbidity between disorders, there is an urgent need to identify transdiagnostic mechanisms that underpin both risk and resilience to developmental psychopathology. Here we propose executive functions (EFs), a set of cognitive processes relevant for goal-directed control of thought and actions, as a promising candidate for such a mechanism. We review evidence that EF development is shaped by both genetic and environmental factors and relies on protracted maturation of neural networks, particularly frontoparietal and cingulo-opercular systems. Disruptions in these systems are associated with elevated risk for internalising and externalising disorders. We therefore propose EFs as a cognitive endophenotype of developmental psychopathology—heritable, measurable, and lying on the pathway from gene to disorder. We review evidence showing that impaired EF is a shared feature across psychiatric conditions and predictive of future symptomatology, supporting its transdiagnostic relevance. We also propose a mechanistic refinement of the EF construct, moving beyond capacity-based interpretations to a model in which EF performance reflects dynamic and contextually informed cost-benefit computations. Disruptions in reward and effort processing—manifesting as anhedonia and apathy—are common across mental health conditions and may compromise EF performance by altering these computations. This integrative perspective helps explain the limited efficacy of traditional EF training interventions on improving mental health symptoms and underscores the importance of motivational and contextual factors. We conclude by outlining a future research agenda focussed on disentangling the specific subprocesses underpinning EFs and their mechanistic links to developmental psychopathology. Recognising EFs as a transdiagnostic cognitive endophenotype governed by rational control processes opens new avenues for precise, developmentally informed, and targeted interventions in youth mental health.
Eleanor Katie Braithwaite, Jennifer Clare Fielder, Nikolaus Steinbeis
This study aims to analyze the dynamics of parenting styles and disciplinary behavior among children aged 5–6 years at TK Cinta Ibu, Purwakarta, focusing on how parenting styles are applied, the forms of disciplinary behavior that emerge, and the supporting and inhibiting factors involved. A qualitative case study approach was employed, involving 10 children aged 5–6 years and their parents as research subjects. Data were collected through questionnaires distributed to parents, observations of children's behavior at school, and documentation of activities. The data were then analyzed using the interactive model of Miles, Huberman, and Saldaña, supported by source triangulation. The findings indicate that most parents adopt a democratic parenting style, as reflected in the practice of explaining the reasons behind rules, maintaining open communication, providing supervision, and consistently implementing rules. Nevertheless, parents' positive perceptions do not fully correspond to the conditions observed at school, as children still frequently require guidance and repeated reminders during activities, such as putting away toys and waiting their turn in line. Variations in discipline levels among children were also identified, which cannot be entirely explained by parenting styles in general. Overall, democratic parenting serves as an important foundation for developing early childhood discipline; however, its implementation still requires consistent habituation both at home and at school, along with close collaboration between parents and teachers to align children's disciplinary habits across both environments.
Luthfiyyah Dwi Julianti, Asep Kurnia Jayadinata, Gia Nikawanti
We quantified the association between rate of child development and pace of midlife aging in the Dunedin Study and the Add Health Study. Physical development was quantified in Dunedin participants ( N = 1,037; age 45) using a composite comprised of (1) birth weight for gestational age, (2) toddler weight gain, (3) timing of behavioral milestones, (4) adiposity-rebound age, (5) timing of adolescent growth spurt, and (6) tempo of adolescent growth spurt. Social development was quantified using the Vineland Social Maturity Scale. Multi-organ-system (cardiovascular, metabolic, renal, immune, dental, pulmonary) longitudinal biological aging was used as the adult outcome. Fast physical development in childhood was associated with faster midlife aging. This was replicated in Add Health ( N = 1,537; age range = 33–44 years), where girls who menstruated earlier had faster midlife aging. By contrast, faster social development in childhood was associated with slower midlife aging. Findings contribute initial empirical evidence characterizing the link between child-development rate and adult aging in humans.
The purpose of the examination was to determine the effects of the BMI on the onset of dental caries in children with primary dentition, and their interdependent correlation with the intensity of the dental caries.Material and methodology: For the realization of our study, we randomly selected 74 pre-school children (35 female and 39 male) which were at the age of 4-6 years and were enrolled in the primary schools in the city of Stip, and then they were divided into two groups: an experimental and a control group.In all examinees the BMI values were calculated .The calculation of the body mass(BMI) in % was done using a scheme according to gender, using the scale given by the CDC (Center for Disease Control and Prevention) and clinical trials were also carried out (dmf and intensity of dental caries).Results: The results of the study indicated that between the body weight of the children and the presence of dental caries for Pearson Chi-square = 2.80 and p> 0.05 there is no significant correlation.In the determination of the significance of the contribution of each component toward the presence of dental caries, it was found that malnutrition had the greatest influence (Wald = 2.06 / p> 0.05 (p = 0.15), then being overweight (Wald = 0.89 / p> 0.05 (p = 0.35) and the weakest influence was seen by the normal weight (Wald = 0.39 / p> 0.05 (p = 0.53).As a conclusion, we would say that decades of research focused on the identification of children with a high risk for development of dental caries and the detection of their cause is of paramount importance, and it has been proven that BMI is one of the most serious factors.
Journal covers almost all fields of Engineering, Applied Science.....
This thesis addresses the early-life origins and prediction of childhood asthma, the most common chronic disease in children worldwide. Asthma imposes a substantial burden on affected children, their families, and healthcare systems, and its origins are increasingly understood to extend back to the earliest stages of prenatal development. According to the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) concept, adverse exposures and growth patterns during critical windows of fetal life can permanently alter organ structure and function, thereby programming the risk of disease later in life. Building on this concept, this thesis aimed to examine (1) whether embryonic and fetal growth patterns are associated with birth outcomes and respiratory health in early childhood, (2) whether prenatal exposure to bisphenols and phthalates, common endocrine-disrupting chemicals, is associated with respiratory and lung function outcomes from infancy to adolescence, and (3) whether early-life characteristics can be used to develop and validate prediction models for childhood asthma. To address these aims, data were used from the Generation R study and the Generation R Next study, two population-based prospective cohorts based in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, the WHEEP study, a multicenter cohort of preschool children with recurrent wheezing followed in secondary care, and the EU Child Cohort Network, an international collaboration of pregnancy and birth cohorts across Europe and Australia. The studies in this thesis show that variation in embryonic and fetal growth, and prenatal exposure to bisphenols and phthalates, are associated with respiratory health from infancy into adolescence, and that early-life characteristics can be used to build clinically meaningful prediction models for childhood asthma. Together, these findings support the relevance of the earliest stages of development, from the embryonic period onward, for the origins of childhood asthma, and illustrate how early-life data can be translated into tools that may ultimately contribute to earlier identification, monitoring, and personalized care for children at risk of asthma.
Suicide is a leading cause of death among young women and perinatal mothers. This paper explores how expectations of motherhood played a role in young women's deaths by suicide. I question the notion that motherhood is a “protective” factor against suicide. Using the concept of “intensive motherhood,” I interrogate how expectations of mothers became fatal. Through analysis of 31 young Australian mothers who died by suicide, three key themes are explored, centered upon the theme of “failing motherhood”: mothering without a father, mothering with mental illness, and the loss of care of children.
Education in the era of highly rapid digital development is a challenge for educators. Technology development encourages teachers to reform teaching and learning process and create updated education. This research aims to develop a digital Pop Up learning media for cognitive development of children aged 5-6 year-old. This was Research and Development (R&D) research using Borg and Gall development model. The developed media was validated by two experts and categorized highly valid (98%) by media expert and valid (87.5%) by material expert. Result of limited tried out involving 10 students of group B was 80% and categorized valid. Based on the finding, digital Pop Up media was effective as an interesting learning supporting means and appropriate to the development of 4.0 revolution era.  
