Structured training programs increase knowledge, credibility, and understanding among parents regarding the assessment of habitual and physical disorders among children.Different structured training programs, such as "Behavioural STP (ABA/PBS), Competing Response Training, Self-Monitoring Modules" are available for parents to increase their ability to control habits and physical disorders among children.A population of 120 participants, including women, men, and parents from different age groups, has been selected to conduct a survey process.Parents need to assess behavioural and challenging changes in the mind-sets of children to prevent disorders among children in a significant manner.Time-related constraints, lack of interest, and high costs become a serious concern for parents to get access and participate in structured training programs to increase awareness regarding addressing habit disorders among children.This research has concluded that participating in structured training programs is important for parents to understand and learn different processes to identify and address physical as well as habit disorders.
Gross motor development is an essential aspect of early childhood growth that needs to be stimulated through active, enjoyable, and developmentally appropriate learning activities. However, early childhood education practices still face challenges related to children's low participation in motor activities, limited learning variation, and difficulties in performing coordinated body movements. This study aimed to analyze the effectiveness of movement and song activities in improving the gross motor development of children aged 5–6 years. A quantitative approach with a one-group pretest-posttest design was employed. The participants were 16 children from Group B3 at TK Negeri 5 Tibang, Banda Aceh, selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected using structured observations of children's gross motor abilities before and after the intervention. The observed indicators included body coordination, flexibility, balance, agility, eye-foot and hand-head coordination, participation in physical games, and the ability to use both hands. The data were analyzed using normality testing, paired-sample t-test, and improvement analysis. The findings demonstrated an increase in children's gross motor abilities following the implementation of movement and song activities. The total score increased from 680 at the pretest stage to 1,040 at the posttest stage, representing an increase of 360 points. Hypothesis testing indicated that movement and song activities were effective in improving the gross motor development of children aged 5–6 years. These findings suggest that integrating music, singing, and movement can serve as a contextual, enjoyable, and developmentally appropriate learning strategy for young children. Movement and song activities not only stimulate physical-motor abilities but also encourage active participation, motivation, self-expression, and meaningful learning experiences.
Fitriani Fitriani, Riza Oktariana, Vinny Aryesha et al.
Objectives: Hearing loss in early childhood can affect the development of language, cognition, and executive functions (EF). Although cochlear implantation (CI) restores auditory input, considerable variability in cognitive and academic outcomes remains. This study investigated everyday EF, learning, and academic behaviors in children with CIs compared with typically hearing peers. Design: Parents of 279 children aged 6 to 18 yr (119 children with CIs, 160 typical hearing) completed the Learning, Executive, and Attention Functioning (LEAF) questionnaire. Subscales were analyzed using Wilcoxon tests and generalized linear modeling to compare cognitive domains (Cognitive-Executive, Cognitive-Learning, Academic) and to explore associations with speech recognition outcomes. Results: Children with CIs showed significantly higher LEAF scores across most domains, indicating greater EF and academic difficulties, even after excluding participants with additional comorbidities. The strongest group differences occurred in comprehension, conceptual learning, and academic skills (reading, writing, and mathematics). While overall EF performance (composite cLEAF) was not correlated with speech recognition, the Cognitive-Learning domain—particularly comprehension and conceptual learning—was negatively associated with speech-in-noise performance. Children with CIs also exhibited greater intraindividual variability across cognitive subdomains. Conclusions: Children with CIs, despite good speech recognition, demonstrate domain-specific and heterogeneous challenges in EF and academic performance. These difficulties are not fully explained by auditory or speech recognition abilities, underscoring the importance of addressing broader neurocognitive factors in clinical assessment and intervention. Targeted cognitive and educational support may help reduce cognitive scatter and improve functional outcomes.
Angelika Illg, Melina Schipper, William Kronenberger et al.
The health and nutritional status of Papua New Guinea&s;s children has captured the interest of numerous investigators ever since the earliest medical patrols. Infant feeding and child-rearing practices in general have often been considered responsible for the frequently documented poor growth and nutritional status of these children ( Becroft 1967 ; Oomen and Malcolm 1958 ; Malcolm 1975 ). While ethnographers have recorded belief systems concerned with reproduction, growth, development, food taboos and ethnomedicine ( Cook and Pflanz-Cook 1981 ; Hogbin 1943 ; Lewis 1980 ; Meiser 1959 ; Whiting 1941 ) they have rarely been in a position to demonstrate the interrelations among these aspects of culture, and their influence on children&s;s growth and health. Gajdusek ( 1963 ) drew attention to these issues as a field of inquiry which he labelled “ethnopediatrics” and defined as “the study of child growth and development and disease patterns in primitive cultures” (p. 554). While a full-scale ethnopediatric study would involve representatives of a number of disciplines, the present investigation limits itself to the combined approaches of nutrition and anthropology. In this chapter we examine selected aspects of the ethnopediatrics of the Amele, a people of lowland Papua New Guinea, and their relationship to growth in infancy and early childhood.
Objective This study aims to develop a predictive model for cytarabine syndrome (CS)-related fever in pediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). By integrating clinical features and laboratory indicators, we seek to establish an evidence-based diagnostic tool to assist clinicians in decision-making and optimize the use of antimicrobial agents. Methods Study Design: A retrospective case-control study was conducted involving 72 ALL children (32 in the CS group vs. 40 in the infection group) who developed fever (≥37.5 °C) following cytarabine treatment. Model Development: Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify independent predictors. A nomogram was constructed. The model's discriminative ability was evaluated using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, calibration was assessed via the Hosmer-Lemeshow test, and clinical utility was validated using decision curve analysis (DCA). Results Key Predictors: Multivariate analysis revealed that BSA (OR = 0.01, 95% CI: 0.00–0.17) and hs-CRP (OR = 0.84, 95% CI: 0.72–0.97) were the most significant predictors of CS. Model Performance: The ROC analysis demonstrated an AUC of 0.785, with internal validation via 1000 bootstrap resamples yielding a 95% confidence interval of 0.675–0.882. The calibration curve demonstrated excellent agreement between predicted and observed outcomes (MAE = 0.039). Decision curve analysis indicated that the model provided superior net benefits across most threshold probabilities (0.2–0.8) compared to strategies of universal antibiotic use or no intervention. Conclusion The developed predictive model demonstrates high discriminative performance and robust clinical applicability, functioning as an effective quantitative instrument for early identification of cytarabine syndrome (CS) and facilitating evidence-based antibiotic stewardship.
Introduction Children and adolescents with hematological malignancies are at risk of adverse side effects from high-dose corticosteroid treatment during induction therapy. In this context, exercise and nutrition interventions are promising, physiologically grounded approaches but their feasibility and practical delivery during early intensive therapy remain unclear. Therefore, this prospective pilot randomized controlled trial was designed to evaluate the feasibility and preliminary effects of an exercise intervention and nutrition consultation in newly diagnosed patients. Methods Participants with leukemia or lymphoma, aged 10–17 years, were allocated to an 8-week exercise or sham control intervention (stratified randomization, 1:1 ratio, parallel groups) plus one-time nutrition counseling. Feasibility outcomes included recruitment, retention, adherence, safety, completion of assessments, and subjective feedback from patients and personnel involved in the study. Furthermore, repeated measures of physical performance, functional capacity, metabolic health, and body composition were used to explore baseline status and changes over time, after four and eight weeks of therapy. Results Six participants, two of which were allocated to the intervention group, completed the trial. Overall rates of consent (67%), training adherence (51%) and complete measures (70%) did not attain prespecified criteria (≥80%). Despite considerable variability, pilot data indicated reduced physical capacity and functioning inferior to healthy norms at baseline and over the course of the intervention including hand grip strength (Δ Z ± SD = −1.5 ± 1.4), cardiorespiratory fitness (steep ramp cycle ergometry peak power; Δ Z ± SD = −3.8 ± 1.2), and lower extremity muscle strength (5-times sit-to-stand test; Δ Z ± SD = 2.3 ± 2.0), while having mostly normal quadriceps muscle and abdominal fat thickness and erratic unfavorable metabolic states. No formal exploration of intervention effects was performed. Discussion Limited feasibility opposed continuation to a definite trial. Respective challenges observed may reflect particularities of early treatment, thus, substantial changes are advised for future protocols (e.g., towards a more adaptive trial design). Besides their limited generalizability and variability, pilot data suggests that adolescents undergoing induction therapy can experience intermittent deconditioning, while other outcomes were inconclusive. Thus, future exercise interventions should account for various objections to exercise participation, heterogeneous medical conditions, and potentially impaired physical capacity and functioning, especially during early therapy. Clinical Trial Registration https://drks.de/search/de/trial/DRKS00032259 , identifier DRKS00032259
Introduction Epilepsy in the pediatric population is frequently associated with psychiatric comorbidities. Depression is of particular clinical significance given its elevated incidence and substantial impact on quality of life, treatment adherence, and psychosocial functioning. The prevalence of depression in children with epilepsy ranges from 7% to 14%, considerably higher than the 1–5% reported in the general pediatric population. The relationship between epilepsy and depression appears bidirectional: epilepsy predisposes to depressive disorders, and depression may increase seizure risk, suggesting shared neurobiological pathways. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of psychiatric symptoms in pediatric patients with epilepsy, with particular focus on depressive symptomatology, and to examine associations with etiological and clinical variables. Methods This retrospective study included 240 pediatric patients (aged 2–18 years) diagnosed with epilepsy between 2013 and 2024. Psychiatric symptoms were ascertained retrospectively from clinical records. Patients were categorized into two groups: those with an identified genetic and/or structural abnormality (G1, n = 60) and those without (G2, n = 180). Statistical analysis employed the chi-squared test and Student’s t -test ( p < 0.05). Results Psychiatric symptoms were identified in 30% of patients (72/240, 95% CI 24.2–35.8%). The most prevalent disorder was attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD; n = 30), followed by sleep disturbance/asthenia ( n = 19), aggression/temper tantrums ( n = 13), depressive/mood symptoms ( n = 11), anxiety symptoms ( n = 10), autism spectrum disorder ( n = 6), eating behavior alterations ( n = 4), self-harm ( n = 4), adjustment/self-esteem features ( n = 3), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD; n = 3), panic attacks ( n = 2), and suicide attempts ( n = 2). Psychiatric symptoms were significantly more prevalent in G1 (42%, 95% CI 29.2–54.1%) than in G2 (26%, 95% CI 19.7–32.5%; p = 0.03), corresponding to an odds ratio of 2.02 (95% CI 1.10–3.72). No significant associations were found between psychiatric symptoms and age, sex, family history, or treatment regimen. Discussion Psychiatric comorbidities, including depressive symptomatology, are common in pediatric epilepsy and likely associated with underlying neurobiological factors. These findings support integrating neuropsychiatric screening, using validated instruments such as the Children’s Depression Inventory-2 (CDI-2) and the Neurological Disorders Depression Inventory for Epilepsy–Youth version (NDDI-E-Y), into routine epilepsy care.
Arianna De Leonardis, Alberto Spalice, Alberto Verrottı et al.
Angklung music extracurricular activities provide elementary madrasah students with direct and collaborative musical experiences, yet studies examining how such programs are planned, implemented, and evaluated, and how they contribute to musical intelligence in boarding school-based Madrasah Ibtidaiyah settings, remain limited, as most previous studies have focused on early childhood education or on other musical media. This study aims to describe the planning, implementation, and evaluation of angklung extracurricular activities and to analyze their role in developing the musical intelligence of students at Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Ma’had Al-Zaytun, Indramayu, West Java. A descriptive qualitative approach was employed. Data were collected through observation, semi-structured interviews, and documentation involving eight purposively selected informants, namely the chairman of the Ma’had Al-Zaytun Sports and Arts Committee (KOSMAZ), two angklung instructors, and five fifth-grade students. Data were analyzed through data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing, while credibility was established through methodological triangulation. The findings show that the activity is carried out in structured stages: planning based on the L-STEAMS curriculum, gradual materials, song targets, and note distribution according to grade level; implementation through opening routines, basic technique drills, the Kodály hand sign method, check sound, and ensemble playing; and evaluation through continuous observation, individual practical tests, conducting opportunities, and performances. The activity contributes to musical intelligence in four aspects, namely auditory stimulation, reinforcement of rhythm and tempo, musical memory, and musical expression and appreciation. This development occurs gradually and varies among students depending on attendance, concentration, experience, and willingness to memorize. These findings imply that angklung extracurricular programs can serve as a practice-based arts education medium in madrasah, provided that attendance consistency and assessment instruments based on musical intelligence indicators are strengthened.
Muhammad Marijan Al-Alam, Iis Humaeroh, Dewi Utami
Introduction Intergenerational trauma research has often treated transmission as unidirectional and static, overlooking dyadic and reciprocal processes. This study applied a three-wave longitudinal Actor–Partner Interdependence Model (APIM) to examine bidirectional associations between parental trauma-related symptoms and adolescent emotion regulation (ER) difficulties. Methods A total of 247 parent–adolescent dyads from Syrian refugee and Jordanian host-community families in Jordan completed three waves over six months. Parents reported lifetime trauma at T1; both parents and adolescents reported ER difficulties at T1, T2, and T3. Distinguishable-dyad APIMs estimated autoregressive, actor, and partner effects with FIML and covariates. Results Parental trauma at T1 significantly predicted offspring ER difficulties at T2 (β = 0.23), mediated longitudinally by parent ER at T2. Offspring ER at T1 also predicted parent ER at T2 (β = 0.12), but this child-driven effect did not persist to T3. Refugee status did not moderate the transmission paths. Discussion Intergenerational trauma appears to operate as a dynamically co-constructed dyadic process. Findings support process-focused, dyadic interventions rather than treating adolescents in isolation.
Early engagement with marine sustainability in early childhood education and care (ECEC) can nurture ethical awareness, shared responsibility and a sense of ecological belonging. ECEC settings offer spaces where children explore environmental questions and begin to see themselves as active participants in ecological communities whose interpretations and experiences matter. Aligned with the aspirations of Sustainable Development Goal 14, which calls for the conservation and sustainable use of oceans and marine resources, this paper situates children's drawings of the sea within contemporary debates that move beyond developmental framings. Focusing on one, six-year-old child's three interconnected drawings of the sea, this study reconceptualises drawing as a relational and multimodal act of meaning-making rather than a measure of knowledge acquisition. Drawing on social semiotic, socio-cultural and ecological theory, it examines how ecological understanding, emotion and imagination unfold in process. Data were generated through participatory, image-based methods in a Norwegian coastal ECEC setting and analysed using a reflexive thematic approach. Across the drawings, an evolving ecological narrative emerges in which interdependence, vulnerability and human disruption are explored across scale: from storms and food chains to obstruction, waste and cosmic disturbance. Power is depicted as relational and unstable; animals act and employ strategies, but remain vulnerable to environmental disruption. Human infrastructure and pollution are rendered morally consequential. Fantasy operates not as escapism but as a resource for engaging with environmental uncertainty. The study argues for recognising drawing as a dialogic space where ecological knowledge, affect and ethical positioning converge, enabling children to participate meaningfully in imagining sustainable futures.
