Decety et al. posited that family religiosity has a negative effect on children’s altruism. However, a constructive reading of developmental psychologists suggests that religious nurture can enhance young children’s moral development. Bloom and Harris offered evidence that infants and toddlers exhibit moral sensibilities and preschoolers engage the world through charitable epistemologies primed toward consensus and care. Engel provided insight into the role of curiosity in exploring difference in the world. Taken together, their findings suggest new ways that religious nurture might promote prosocial behaviors congruent with religious and social tolerance.
Abstract Introduction – Ayurveda encompasses a wide range of practices within pediatric care especially plays a pivotal role in nurturing infants by offering safe and effective approaches not only for disease treatment but also for maintaining overall health in this span of age. Acharyas offered their insights on all aspects of newborn and infant care, spanning from birth until the newborn's complete stability. Methods - This study was completed by gathering the knowledge from classical Ayurvedic literature, research articles, guidelines, and PubMed and MedLine databases. Results and Discussion- This study investigates traditional Ayurvedic methods for infant care placing particular attention on evaluating the safety and effectiveness of these practices within the framework of neonatal and infant healthcare upto the age of one year. Conclusion –Kaumarbhritya is seen as the first direct assistance provided by the science of Ayurveda to a newborn upon his debut in this new world, directing him towards a healthy lifestyle in the future and bringing out the finest version of himself. This paper offers an overview of the literary contributions and historical traditional medical practices of healthcare in the domain of Balachikitsa mainly of neonatal and infancy period.The goal is to underscore the significance of research grounded in evidence and its integration into hidden principles concerning neonatal and infant issues described in Ayurveda.
Indigenous cultures have been under significant attack in Canada since first contact with Europeans. This has resulted in significant harm to Indigenous Peoples and particularly to youth in state care, who often struggle with their identity when they are placed in non-Indigenous out-of-home settings. Developing protective ways of countering this is compounded by the lack of understanding of identity development amongst Indigenous youth. This article reviews theories of Indigenous identity development and their implications for Indigenous children, particularly those caught in the nexus of two cultures, as is the case with those in state care.
Hope has long been viewed as important to individuals attempting to overcome obstacles. Overall hope is the combination of one's appraisal of capability and determination to achieve goals (Agency) and identifying viable routes to reach them (Pathway) (Snyder, 1994). The main goal of this study was to examine the incremental contribution of mentoring to hope among youth on the verge of leaving care above and beyond related personal characteristics and placement history. The sample included 148 adolescents in residential care in Israel who had adult mentors (ages 16-19). Results showed that lower levels of parental education and being in a welfare residential placement were associated with decreased levels of hope. Mentoring length and various mentoring functions ("role model," "parental figure," and "independence promoter") were found to have a significant contribution to the prediction of hope above and beyond associated individual and placement variables. Based upon these findings, residential care leaders should recruit and select mentors for longevity, and train mentors to serve as role models and parental figures who focus on independent living in order to influence hope among youth who are about to leave care. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
Yafit Sulimani‐Aidan, Eran Melkman, Chan M. Hellman
OBJECTIVE: Caregivers require tangible (e.g. food and financial) and intangible resources to provide care to ensure child health, nutrition and development. Intangible resources include beliefs and knowledge, education, self-efficacy, perceived physical health, mental health, healthy stress levels, social support, empowerment, equitable gender attitudes, safety and security and time sufficiency. These intangible caregiver resources are included as intermediate outcomes in nutrition conceptual frameworks yet are rarely measured as part of maternal and child nutrition research or evaluations. To facilitate their measurement, this scoping review focused on understudied caregiver resources that have been measured during the complementary feeding period in low- and lower-middle-income countries. DESIGN: We screened 9,232 abstracts, reviewed 277 full-text articles and included 163 articles that measured caregiver resources related to complementary feeding or the nutritional status of children 6 months to 2 years of age. RESULTS: We identified measures of each caregiver resource, though the number of measures and quality of descriptions varied widely. Most articles (77 %) measured only one caregiver resource, mental health (n 83) and social support (n 54) most frequently. Psychometric properties were often reported for mental health measures, but less commonly for other constructs. Few studies reported adapting measures for specific contexts. Existing measures for mental health, equitable gender attitudes, safety and security and time sufficiency were commonly used; other constructs lacked standardised measures. CONCLUSIONS: Measurement of caregiver resources during the complementary feeding period is limited. Measuring caregiver resources is essential for prioritising caregivers and understanding how resources influence child care, feeding and nutrition.
Hope C. Craig, Katherine Lynn Dickin, Amanda A. Zongrone et al.
OBJECTIVE: Caregivers require tangible (e.g. food and financial) and intangible resources to provide care to ensure child health, nutrition and development. Intangible resources include beliefs and knowledge, education, self-efficacy, perceived physical health, mental health, healthy stress levels, social support, empowerment, equitable gender attitudes, safety and security and time sufficiency. These intangible caregiver resources are included as intermediate outcomes in nutrition conceptual frameworks yet are rarely measured as part of maternal and child nutrition research or evaluations. To facilitate their measurement, this scoping review focused on understudied caregiver resources that have been measured during the complementary feeding period in low- and lower-middle-income countries. DESIGN: We screened 9,232 abstracts, reviewed 277 full-text articles and included 163 articles that measured caregiver resources related to complementary feeding or the nutritional status of children 6 months to 2 years of age. RESULTS: 54) most frequently. Psychometric properties were often reported for mental health measures, but less commonly for other constructs. Few studies reported adapting measures for specific contexts. Existing measures for mental health, equitable gender attitudes, safety and security and time sufficiency were commonly used; other constructs lacked standardised measures. CONCLUSIONS: Measurement of caregiver resources during the complementary feeding period is limited. Measuring caregiver resources is essential for prioritising caregivers and understanding how resources influence child care, feeding and nutrition.
Stephanie Martin, Amanda A. Zongrone, Hope C. Craig et al.
Violence against women (VAW) and violence against children (VAC) are public health issues of global concern. Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a commonly occurring form of VAW and there is evidence to suggest that IPV and VAC frequently co-occur within the same families. This systematic literature review searched for studies published in any language between 1 st January 2000 to 16 th February 2021 and identified 33 studies that provided findings for co-occurring IPV and VAC in 24 low- and middle-income countries (PROSPERO: CRD42020180179). These studies were split into subgroups based on the types of co-occurring violence they present and meta-analyses were conducted to calculate pooled odds ratios (ORs) within these subgroups. Our results indicate a significant association between IPV and VAC, with all pooled ORs showing a significant positive association between the two. Almost half of the studies focused exclusively on co-occurrence between male-to-female IPV and female caregiver-to-child VAC; few authors reported on male caregiver-to-child violence. Only three studies identified risk factors for co-occurring IPV and VAC, and those that did suggested conflicting findings on the risks associated with maternal age, alcohol and drug use, and parental education level. We also found incongruity in the violence definitions and measurements used across studies. Future research should aim to develop more consistent definitions and measurements for co-occurrence and move beyond solely examining dyadic and unidirectional violence occurrence in families; this will allow us to better understand the interrelationships between these different forms of abuse.
Isabelle Pearson, Sabrina Page, Cathy Zimmerman et al.
Abstract Dominant discourses surrounding motherhood assume mothers to be self-sacrificing, omnipresent, and ever willing and able to respond to the needs and wants of their children. This article argues that, in the context of violent conflict and exile, mothering becomes yet more laden with expectations as mothers are faced with critical situations. The article draws on research from an intersectional perspective that is aimed at a better understanding of the trajectories of refugees from Syria who have settled in Canada and Lebanon and for whom motherhood emerged as a salient aspect of identity and experience. The article argues that more attention should be paid to the social construction of motherhood through its transformation in the context of violent conflict and exile. The article is concerned with the identities that these experiences unfold for mothers, far beyond simplistic binaries of “good” versus “bad” mothers. The article explores how three refugee mothers from Syria who experienced forced migration have nurtured their children, while it reveals their realities of discrimination and empowerment at the crossroads of structural dominant forces.
Sexual violence is an act that can be categorized as abnormal sexual relationships and behaviors, resulting in serious harm and consequences for the victims. Cases of sexual violence against children in West Nusa Tenggara are quite common. Based on data from the West Nusa Tenggara Regional Police (POLDA), the Central Lombok Police Resort handles the most cases of sexual violence against children. The purpose of this research is to understand the role of the police in efforts to combat sexual violence against children and to identify the challenges faced by the Central Lombok Police Resort in preventing sexual violence against children. The research method used in this study is empirical legal research. The implementation of legal protection for children who are victims of sexual violence in West Lombok Regency is in accordance with Article 64 paragraph (3) of Law Number 35 of 2014 concerning Amendments to Law Number 23 of 2002 concerning Child Protection. In addition, obstacles in the implementation of legal protection for children who are victims of sexual violence in Central Lombok Regency consist of internal and external factors.
Abdul Hamid, Nanda Ivan Natsir, Ruli Ardiansyah et al.
Objectives To evaluate the effectiveness of a common elements–based Nurturing Care for Early Child Development Intervention delivered by non-specialists in improving mother–infant responsive interaction at 12 months postpartum among pregnant women experiencing psychological distress in rural Pakistan. Design Two-arm, single-blinded, individually randomised controlled trial. Setting Community-based primary care settings in a rural sub-district of Rawalpindi, Pakistan. Participants Pregnant women in their third trimester aged 18–40 years who screened positive for psychological distress (Self-Reporting Questionnaire score ≥9). Of 1962 women assessed for eligibility, 250 were enrolled and randomised to the intervention (n=125) or treatment-as-usual (TAU) arm (n=125). Interventions Participants in the intervention arm received 15 monthly individual sessions of a Nurturing Care for Early Child Development intervention delivered by trained non-specialist facilitators from the third trimester of pregnancy until 12 months postpartum. The intervention included early stimulation, learning through play, responsive feeding, guided discovery using pictures, behavioural activation and problem-solving. Participants in the control arm received routine maternal and child health services (treatment as usual). Primary and secondary outcome measures The primary outcome was caregiver–infant responsive interaction measured using the Observation of Mother–Child Interaction (OMCI) at 12 months postpartum. Secondary outcomes included maternal psychological well-being, quality of life, functioning and perceived social support, as well as infant growth including birth weight, nutrition, cognitive development and socio-emotional development. Data were collected at baseline (third trimester), 6 months and 12 months postpartum. Endpoint assessments were delayed by 2 months due to COVID-19 lockdown restrictions. Results Of the 250 participants randomised, 206 completed the 12-month follow-up assessment. At the endpoint, mother–infant dyads in the intervention arm demonstrated significantly higher OMCI total scores compared with TAU (mean (SD) 42.05 (8.65) vs 29.74 (8.19); adjusted mean difference 12.31, 95% CI 9.99 to 14.62; p<0.0001). As a secondary outcome, infants in the intervention arm had higher birth weight (mean difference 0.78 kg, 95% CI 0.30 to 1.25; p<0.001). Improvements were also observed in infant cognitive and socio-emotional development and maternal psychological well-being, functioning and quality of life. Conclusions A common element–based nurturing care intervention delivered by trained non-specialists improved mother–infant responsive interaction among infants of mothers experiencing psychological distress. Trial registration number NCT04252807.
Syed Usman Hamdani, Zille Huma, Ayella Gillani et al.
