To ensure their children's safety online, parents can utilize number of strategies, including active and restrictive parental mediation. Active mediation encompasses parents discussing and advising children about safe usage of the internet, whereas restrictive mediation means limiting children's internet usage. Both strategies aim to affect children's online behavior, especially to minimize online risks. Using a sample of 1031 adolescents aged 11–17 (54% females) and structural equation modeling, we focused on the active and restrictive parental mediation of online interactions and their connections to adolescents’ potentially risky online contacts with new people. In addition, we considered the indirect effect of parental mediation on adolescents’ behavior through adolescents’ risk perception. In this way, we captured one of the potential explanatory mechanisms through which the parental mediation's effect occurs. The results showed that restrictive mediation decreased contacts with new people by increasing adolescents’ risk perception of this activity. In contrast, active mediation had neither a direct nor indirect effect on adolescents’ online contacts. The results enrich the theory of parental mediation by showing that risk perception is an important factor to consider when researchers examine the effects of parental mediation on children's potentially risky online behavior.
This scoping review aims to identify trends in studies related to children's online safety education facilitated by digital technologies. The review is guided by the five-stage framework developed by Arksey and O'Malley. We searched in four electronic databases: ERIC,Web of Science, Scopus, and the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). The studies identified in the search were independently reviewed by two authors using the PRISMA checklist for scoping reviews and the Rayyan software. Following the study's inclusion and exclusion criteria, we incorporated 34 papers into the scoping review. Our analysis revealed a growing number of educational technologies designed for children's Internet safety education over the years. Among various approaches, game-based learning emerged as the most popular method for delivering educational content within the broader domain of online safety education for children. The majority of the studies focused on children aged 11–14 years old, with sample sizes ranging from 6 to 976 child participants. Additionally, intervention-based research designs were the most frequently employed methodology. Our study advances the knowledge base on technology-based education in online safety training of children by mapping the literature of this field and unveiling the trends over the past decade. These insights can shape future research directions in online safety education and inform the educational technology industry.
Maryam Esfandiari, Beatrice Sciacca, Sandra Feijóo et al.
BACKGROUND: Tonic-clonic convulsions and convulsive status epilepticus (currently defined as a tonic-clonic convulsion lasting at least 30 minutes) are medical emergencies and require urgent and appropriate anticonvulsant treatment. International consensus is that an anticonvulsant drug should be administered for any tonic-clonic convulsion that has been continuing for at least five minutes. Benzodiazepines (diazepam, lorazepam, midazolam) are traditionally regarded as first-line drugs and phenobarbital, phenytoin and paraldehyde as second-line drugs. This is an update of a Cochrane Review first published in 2002 and updated in 2008. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of anticonvulsant drugs used to treat any acute tonic-clonic convulsion of any duration, including established convulsive (tonic-clonic) status epilepticus in children who present to a hospital or emergency medical department. SEARCH METHODS: For the latest update we searched the Cochrane Epilepsy Group's Specialised Register (23 May 2017), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) via the Cochrane Register of Studies Online (CRSO, 23 May 2017), MEDLINE (Ovid, 1946 to 23 May 2017), ClinicalTrials.gov (23 May 2017), and the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP, 23 May 2017). SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised and quasi-randomised trials comparing any anticonvulsant drugs used for the treatment of an acute tonic-clonic convulsion including convulsive status epilepticus in children. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors independently assessed trials for inclusion and extracted data. We contacted study authors for additional information. MAIN RESULTS: The review includes 18 randomised trials involving 2199 participants, and a range of drug treatment options, doses and routes of administration (rectal, buccal, nasal, intramuscular and intravenous). The studies vary by design, setting and population, both in terms of their ages and also in their clinical situation. We have made many comparisons of drugs and of routes of administration of drugs in this review; our key findings are as follows:(1) This review provides only low- to very low-quality evidence comparing buccal midazolam with rectal diazepam for the treatment of acute tonic-clonic convulsions (risk ratio (RR) for seizure cessation 1.25, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.13 to 1.38; 4 trials; 690 children). However, there is uncertainty about the effect and therefore insufficient evidence to support its use. There were no included studies which compare intranasal and buccal midazolam.(2) Buccal and intranasal anticonvulsants were shown to lead to similar rates of seizure cessation as intravenous anticonvulsants, e.g. intranasal lorazepam appears to be as effective as intravenous lorazepam (RR 0.96, 95% CI 0.82 to 1.13; 1 trial; 141 children; high-quality evidence) and intranasal midazolam was equivalent to intravenous diazepam (RR 0.98, 95% CI 0.91 to 1.06; 2 trials; 122 children; moderate-quality evidence).(3) Intramuscular midazolam also showed a similar rate of seizure cessation to intravenous diazepam (RR 0.97, 95% CI 0.87 to 1.09; 2 trials; 105 children; low-quality evidence).(4) For intravenous routes of administration, lorazepam appears to be as effective as diazepam in stopping acute tonic clonic convulsions: RR 1.04, 95% CI 0.94 to 1.16; 3 trials; 414 children; low-quality evidence. Furthermore, we found no statistically significant or clinically important differences between intravenous midazolam and diazepam (RR for seizure cessation 1.08, 95% CI 0.97 to 1.21; 1 trial; 80 children; moderate-quality evidence) or intravenous midazolam and lorazepam (RR for seizure cessation 0.98, 95% CI 0.91 to 1.04; 1 trial; 80 children; moderate-quality evidence). In general, intravenously-administered anticonvulsants led to more rapid seizure cessation but this was usually compromised by the time taken to establish intravenous access.(5) There is limited evidence from a single trial to suggest that intranasal lorazepam may be more effective than intramuscular paraldehyde in stopping acute tonic-clonic convulsions (RR 1.22, 95% CI 0.99 to 1.52; 160 children; moderate-quality evidence).(6) Adverse side effects were observed and reported very infrequently in the included studies. Respiratory depression was the most common and most clinically relevant side effect and, where reported, the frequency of this adverse event was observed in 0% to up to 18% of children. None of the studies individually demonstrated any difference in the rates of respiratory depression between the different anticonvulsants or their different routes of administration; but when pooled, three studies (439 children) provided moderate-quality evidence that lorazepam was significantly associated with fewer occurrences of respiratory depression than diazepam (RR 0.72, 95% CI 0.55 to 0.93).Much of the evidence provided in this review is of mostly moderate to high quality. However, the quality of the evidence provided for some important outcomes is low to very low, particularly for comparisons of non-intravenous routes of drug administration. Low- to very low-quality evidence was provided where limited data and imprecise results were available for analysis, methodological inadequacies were present in some studies which may have introduced bias into the results, study settings were not applicable to wider clinical practice, and where inconsistency was present in some pooled analyses. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: We have not identified any new high-quality evidence on the efficacy or safety of an anticonvulsant in stopping an acute tonic-clonic convulsion that would inform clinical practice. There appears to be a very low risk of adverse events, specifically respiratory depression. Intravenous lorazepam and diazepam appear to be associated with similar rates of seizure cessation and respiratory depression. Although intravenous lorazepam and intravenous diazepam lead to more rapid seizure cessation, the time taken to obtain intravenous access may undermine this effect. In the absence of intravenous access, buccal midazolam or rectal diazepam are therefore acceptable first-line anticonvulsants for the treatment of an acute tonic-clonic convulsion that has lasted at least five minutes. There is no evidence provided by this review to support the use of intranasal midazolam or lorazepam as alternatives to buccal midazolam or rectal diazepam.
Amy McTague, Timothy Richard Martland, Richard E Appleton
EU Kids Online is a multinational research network active in 33 European countries. In 2018, this network is conducting an international survey (on a country-by-country basis) about how children use the Internet. The survey seeks to enhance knowledge of European children's online opportunities, risks and safety. In Norway, the survey is funded by the Ministry of Justice and Public Security, in part-fulfilment of their strategy for the prevention of violence in close relations.How do Norwegian children (aged 9-15) use and understand the conceptual framework operationalized in the draft EU Kids Online questionnaire (2018)?
BACKGROUND: The ketogenic diet (KD) is an effective treatment against drug-resistant epilepsy in children. The KD is a diet rich in fats that produces anticonvulsant and neuroprotective effects that reduces seizures and improves the cognitive state. Nevertheless, it can produce side effects that sometimes can be serious. Further, the effect on growth is quite controversial when used for an extended period of time. The aim of this paper was to assess the effectiveness, side effects, and repercussions in the development of children who have been treated with a KD for more than 2 years. METHODS: Observational descriptive study of 26 pediatric patients on a KD, with data collection at baseline, at 3, 6, and 12 months, and then once a year. Number of seizures, type of seizures, anti-seizure drugs, anthropometry, side effects, and alterations in laboratory assessment were monitored. RESULTS: In every assessment, about 60%-75% of the patients experienced a reduction in number of seizures of over 90%, and at least 50% experienced side effects, of which digestive issues, alteration in the lipid metabolism, and hypercalciuria were the most common. The KD significantly affected height after 2 years of treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The KD is an effective treatment for drug-resistant epilepsy. Its side effects, although common, are very mild; therefore, this constitutes a very safe treatment for children of all ages. More studies are needed to identify and prevent potential causes of growth retardation in children on the KD.
Jana Ruiz Herrero, Elvira Cañedo Villarroya, Juan José García Peñas et al.
ABSTRACT I investigate how the provision of information regarding the use of child labour in foreign production affects imports, using a staggered adoption design. I exploit a list, published annually by the US Department of Labor, with information on tradable goods produced using child labour in different countries. I find that the inclusion in the list leads to a decrease in US imports from that country equal to 15%, taking into account potential spillover effects. I provide evidence suggesting that this effect is not due to any change in price but is driven by a reduction in both US firms' intermediate input demand and demand by US final consumers, with the former channel being slightly larger.
Understanding and quantifying the consequences of child labour on children's short- and longterm development is an important step in designing appropriate policies and programs to improve children's well-being. We provide an updated review of the literature on the impact of child labour on children's education and health. Specifically, this paper first explain the mechanisms by which child labour impacts children's education, physical health, and mental health, both in the short and long term. Second, we synthesize the available knowledge on the causal effect of child labour on education and health. We reviewed studies focusing on developing countries that investigate the consequences of child labour on education (25 studies selected), physical health (11 studies) and mental health (4 studies). Empirical evidence leaves no doubt about the negative impact of child labour on their physical and mental health. Although the consequences of child labour on education are mostly negative, working children could also benefit from learning additional skills. Finally, we highlight the methodological limitations and gaps of the current evidence, indicating that the empirical results reported are more an indication of potential effects than an actual quantification of the impacts of child labour.
In the Republic of Moldova, the issue of the child labour in agriculture presents a significant challenge. This study has the aim to evaluate the participation of the Moldovan children in agricultural work and its effects on their well-being, safety, and education. Highlighting a lack of updated data and research within Moldova, especially in the agricultural sector, this study employs a detailed methodology encompassing national statistics, expert surveys, and international convention reviews. The findings indicate the involvement of children in various agricultural tasks, including hazardous ones, affecting their education and health, with children aged on average 12.7 to 15.3 years working over 20 hours weekly. The research distinguishes between harmful child labour and beneficial work, advocating for a comprehensive strategy to improve educational opportunities, family incomes, and alternative employment options. It stresses the importance of effective policies and legislation to safeguard children from exploitative labour in both formal and informal sectors. Although there has been some advancement in tackling child labour in Moldova, considerable obstacles persist. The research advocates for a comprehensive strategy that includes refining policies, strengthening the enforcement of current laws, and executing specific initiatives aimed at decreasing child labour in the agricultural sector. The research calls for joint efforts from the government, international bodies, NGOs, and communities to protect and promote child welfare, aiming to integrate children into safe environments and offering them better future prospects.
Putting the Dutch Child Labour Due Diligence Act into Perspective An Assessment of the CLDD Act’s Legal and Policy Relevance in the Netherlands and Beyond In May 2019, the Dutch senate adopted a private member’s bill introducing a due diligence obligation for companies bringing goods or services onto the Dutch market with respect to the use of child labour in their supply chains. The aim of this article is to place this Child Labour Due Diligence (CLDD) Act in the national and international legal context and to discuss its relevance for the broader debate on international responsible business conduct (IRBC) in global value chains. The article shows that the CLDD Act introduces a due diligence obligation in this context that is new to Dutch law, as is the public law supervisor that is to be tasked with its enforcement. However, it does nothing to broaden the possibilities for access to remedies for victims of child labour beyond those already in existence. The article also shows that when compared with 2017 the French Duty of Vigilance Law, which is the only other mandatory due diligence law to have been adopted so far, the CLDD Act stands out in several respects. It is overshadowed, however, by the European parliament’s recent adoption of an ambitious outline for a future EU due diligence directive. Nonetheless, in view of the fact that it remains unclear for now whether the future EU directive on this topic will display the same level of ambition as the current proposal, the CLDD Act will remain relevant from an international perspective also for some time to come.
