Within their chapter Marie Demant and Friederike Lorenz discuss the role of shame in the context of violence against children in residential care. Their work is based on two empirical projects and includes reports of survivors of sexual violence, who reported their experiences in hearings conducted by the German ‘Independent Inquiry into Child Sexual Abuse’, which started its work in 2016. It furthermore includes empirical material from a research project on systematic violence by a team of professionals in a residential care home for children with disabilities. Both perspectives indicate how young people experience shame and humiliation as part of the institutional setting. Furthermore, it shows the negative impact these practices have on children and adolescents in situations of dependency, seeking help, and disclosure. It points out practices of humiliation as a part of the violence and shows to which extent shame can affect the possibilities for young people in these situations to be heard and to get help.
This dissertation aims to address these identified empirical and methodological gaps by applying and refining preference elicitation methods across different domains (i.e., care, health, and well-being) and contexts (i.e., the Netherlands and several Latin American countries). Chapter 2 addresses the limited empirical evidence on how individuals evaluate and trade off combinations of public health policies under explicit system constraints by applying Participatory Value Evaluation (PVE) in the Netherlands. Chapter 3 responds to the limited and fragmented application of preference elicitation methods in Latin America and the lack of empirical evidence on policy trade-offs under constraints in this context. It reports on a PVE in Peru which elicits citizens’ preferences for school opening policies during a public health crisis, thereby providing evidence on how individuals trade off public health risks against learning outcomes and child well-being under different risk scenarios. Chapter 4 addresses the limited empirical evidence on stakeholder perspectives in care and policy decision-making, as well as the limited use of approaches that systematically identify and compare such perspectives in Latin America. It applies Q methodology to patient-centred care (PCC) in Peru, identifying viewpoints among patients and healthcare professionals regarding which dimensions of PCC should be prioritised. Chapter 5 examines the monetary valuation of health and broader well-being outcomes. It reports on a study estimating societal WTP for both health gains (QALYs) and well-being gains (WALYs). Hence, it provides empirical estimates in a context where such evidence remains scarce and informs the absolute and relative valuation of broader outcomes within health economic evaluation. Chapter 6 investigates methodological issues related to the anchoring of wellbeing scales and the placement of “dead” by analysing how individuals position dead relative to ICECAP-A well-being states. This exploratory study aims to stimulate the discussion on the importance of anchoring in valuing well-being states, which is crucial for the interpretation and use of WALY calculations in economic evaluations. Chapter 7 addresses methodological and empirical gaps related to the contextual validity of multidimensional well-being measures in Latin America by validating the recently developed 10-item Well-being instrument (WiX) in Argentina, Chile, Ecuador, and Peru. In doing so, this chapter provides evidence on its content and construct validity and its applicability for use in these settings. Finally, Chapter 8 discusses the overall findings of the thesis, reflects on its strengths and limitations, and outlines research and policy implications, and concludes. The overall scope and structure of the dissertation are illustrated in Figure 1.1.
As stipulated in Article 19, paragraph 1 The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, „violence“ may be „all forms of physical or mental violence, injury or abuse, neglect or negligent treatment, maltreatment or exploitation, including sexual abuse". Violence does not recognize any cultural or social differences and is not necessarily always reflected in the same form. No matter in what conditions or forms it occurs, violence leaves behind long-term, devastating, and indelible consequences. In developed countries, the problem of violence is considered a national problem and there are programs that coordinate different sectors of the society (education, health, justice, social work and others) that carry out various synchronized activities and take various measures to restrain and prevent violence against children. In the literature you can find suggestions for programs designed to prevent or reduce violence against children, but also treatment of emotional and behavioral problems in children and adolescents. Prevention should contribute for raising public awareness on the situation of violence against children, familiarizing the citizens with the rights of children and a healthy family, successful parenting, protection of children from addictions, perceiving and overcoming problems related to education and upbringing of children. The analysis of the data collected by associations of citizens indicates that we can draw a conclusion that there is a harmonization of the national legal framework with international documents and standards on children's rights and their protection, and above all, with the Convention on the Rights of the Child.[1] There is a lack of coordination in the planning and implementation of preventive activities, both in terms of time distribution and in terms of geographical coverage. There is a big difference in the intensity of the implementation of campaigns in different municipalities. Most campaigns are conducted in larger municipalities but not in continuous manner. As stipulated in Article 19, paragraph 1 The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, „violence“ may be „all forms of physical or mental violence, injury or abuse, neglect or negligent treatment, maltreatment or exploitation, including sexual abuse". Violence does not recognize any cultural or social differences and is not necessarily always reflected in the same form. No matter in what conditions or forms it occurs, violence leaves behind long-term, devastating, and indelible consequences. In developed countries, the problem of violence is considered a national problem and there are programs that coordinate different sectors of the society (education, health, justice, social work and others) that carry out various synchronized activities and take various measures to restrain and prevent violence against children. In the literature you can find suggestions for programs designed to prevent or reduce violence against children, but also treatment of emotional and behavioral problems in children and adolescents. Prevention should contribute for raising public awareness on the situation of violence against children, familiarizing the citizens with the rights of children and a healthy family, successful parenting, protection of children from addictions, perceiving and overcoming problems related to education and upbringing of children. The analysis of the data collected by associations of citizens indicates that we can draw a conclusion that there is a harmonization of the national legal framework with international documents and standards on children's rights and their protection, and above all, with the Convention on the Rights of the Child.[1] There is a lack of coordination in the planning and implementation of preventive activities, both in terms of time distribution and in terms of geographical coverage. There is a big difference in the intensity of the implementation of campaigns in different municipalities. Most campaigns are conducted in larger municipalities but not in continuous manner.
La tesi ha come obiettivo l'indagine dei temi di maternità, sterilità e fertilità nel Macbeth e nelle tre versioni cinematografiche dirette da Roman Polanski, Justin Kurzel e Joel Coen rispettivamente nel 1971, 2015 e 2021. Attraverso la lente degli adaptation studies e della critica femminista la tesi esplora come il mezzo cinematografico ha saputo tradurre sul grande schermo elementi del testo shakespeariano amplificandone i significati e modificandone l'essenza in relazione al contesto socio-culturale di riferimento.
Objective: The present study was conducted to explain the dynamics of military families and the factors influencing childbearing within the context of Iranian society. Methods and Materials: This study was conducted using a qualitative approach based on grounded theory, employing the Strauss and Corbin paradigmatic model. The participants were selected from military families residing in Tehran, Iran. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews using purposive sampling with 18 members of military families. The data were analyzed in three stages of coding (open, axial, and selective) and categorized into main themes. Findings: Analysis of the participants’ interviews led to the identification of 13 selective categories, 38 axial categories, and 156 subcategories. Childbearing among military families is influenced by numerous inhibiting and encouraging factors, including economic costs, family support networks, generational continuity and national authority, commitment to the leadership discourse system, faith-based action, parents’ psychological capacity, parenting experience, organizational and occupational structure, coherence of population policies, transformation of contemporary lifestyles, and institutionalization of structural support. Conclusion: The findings of the study can assist policymakers and social planners in shifting their focus from general factors toward key and realistic components involved in the childbearing decision-making process and in designing supportive policies aimed at increasing family satisfaction and enhancing parents’ inclination and motivation toward childbearing.
Violence against children (VAC) is a pervasive public health concern with profound and lasting consequences for physical, mental, and social well-being. While prior research has linked economic stressors such as unemployment to child maltreatment, less is known about the association between broader measures of economic development and VAC, particularly in lowand middle-income countries. This study examines the association between state-level GDP per capita and crimes against children across Indian states over time, incorporating police per capita as a secondary indicator of institutional capacity. Using longitudinal administrative crime data from, results of a linear regression with panel correction standard errors, indicate a nonlinear relationship between GDP per capita and crimes against children. Additionally, there is a significant association between policing capacity and reported crimes. By distinguishing between economic development and state capacity, this study contributes new longitudinal evidence from a large LMIC context and underscores the need for caution in interpreting official crime data when designing child protection policy.
Generally, a national State is considered the guarantor of protection and safety of the people living within its borders or who are subjected to its sovereignty. Yet history is full of examples in which State authorities not only neglect their responsibility toward at-risk people, but also actively contribute to threatening and endangering the lives of the latter. This is especially manifest within State policies referring to people considered ‘foreign’, or whose benefit towards society is questioned. This chapter reviews some historical examples, in which poor and indigenous children have been affected by such violent, exclusionary and discriminatory policies with racist connotations, of which consequences can still be felt today. Particularly, it reconstructs cases from the British Empire and from States emerging from settler colonies, namely United States of America, Canada, Australia and New Zealand.
Purpose This study examines the evolution of Zimbabwe’s post-independence education policies through the lens of educational justice. Drawing on Rawls’ theories of distributive justice and equality of opportunity, and Fraser’s theories of recognition and participatory parity, the study explains how conceptions of educational justice and corresponding policy priorities evolved over time. Methodology Situated within interpretive and transformative research paradigms, the study employs historical research and interpretive policy analysis to examine major national education policies enacted from 1980 to 2026. Policies and reforms were purposively selected based on their significance to educational justice. These include universal education reforms, the Basic Education Assistance Module, Early Childhood Development initiative, language-in-education reforms, the Inclusive Education policy, and the Policy on the Re-entry of Pregnant Learners. Policy documents were analyzed using deductive coding guided by four analytical domains: redistribution, equality of opportunity, recognition, and participation. The Capability Approach subsequently informed the interpretation of the developmental trajectory by assessing the extent to which successive reforms expanded learners’ capabilities to achieve valued educational outcomes. Findings The findings reveal that Zimbabwe’s post-independence education policies reflect a progressive broadening of educational justice. Early reforms primarily addressed colonial inequalities through the redistributive expansion of educational access. Subsequent policies increasingly targeted socioeconomic disadvantage, promoted fair equality of opportunity, recognized learner diversity, and strengthened conditions for meaningful participation. Collectively, the reforms demonstrate a cumulative developmental trajectory in which educational justice evolved from a predominantly distributive concern toward a multidimensional policy discourse. Although the developmental trajectory represents important normative progress, interpretation through the Capability Approach suggests that persistent structural and contextual constraints continue to limit learners’ ability to translate educational opportunities into valued life outcomes. Significance This study contributes to education policy scholarship by introducing the Developmental Trajectory of Educational Justice as a conceptual framework for explaining how educational justice evolves across successive policy reforms. Beyond its theoretical contribution, the framework offers practical guidance for policymakers by demonstrating that educational justice is a dynamic concept requiring continual adaptation as new forms of educational disadvantage emerge. As educational systems respond to new challenges such as curriculum reform, digital inequalities, and the growing integration of artificial intelligence, the framework can inform the design of future educational reforms that anticipate and address emerging injustices.
Cases of sexual violence against children increase every year in Indonesia. Based on data from the Ministry of Women's Empowerment and Child Protection (Kempppa), the total number of children who were victims of sexual violence from 2019 to 2021 increased. From 2019 to 2020, cases of sexual violence against children increased to 6,980 cases, then from 2020 to 2021 there was another increase to 8,730 cases. This study aims to determine and analyze the imposition of prison sentences for perpetrators of sexual intercourse with children in Indonesia; about chemical castration for perpetrators of sexual violence against children in Indonesia; about children as victims of sexual violence against children. The research method used is normative juridical which is sourced from secondary data, the material legal analysis is qualitative. The results of the study found that the imposition of prison sentences for perpetrators of sexual intercourse with children is threatened with a minimum prison sentence of 5 (five) years to the death penalty (in certain cases), as well as how many additional chemical castration sentences meet the requirements as decisions that cannot be accepted by human reason. Sexual violence against children is a criminal act regulated in several Constitutions and other laws in Indonesia. The punishment of chemical castration is a decision that has become positive law, but several parties consider it inhumane, including the statement of Komnas HAM.
In Indonesia, cases of sexual violence have increased every year, the victims are not only adults but now have spread to teenagers, children and even toddlers. The purpose of this research focuses on identifying and analysing the obstacles faced by investigators and the efforts made by investigators in revealing cases of sexual violence against children. This research uses empirical methods through interview data and field observations, then conceptually analysed to find obstacles and efforts of investigators in overcoming cases of sexual violence in children. The results of the study found that the main obstacle for investigators in uncovering criminal acts of sexual violence against children is the lack of information from children who experience sexual violence due to trauma. The absence of a psychologist in the investigating team, difficulties in bringing in a psychologist when a case of child abuse occurs. Efforts made by Kebumen Police investigators are to call a psychologist when there is a case of sexual violence against a child. Efforts to provide assistance by psychologists, and traumatic recovery for children who experience sexual violence. It is hoped that the Kebumen police will have a field of psychology experts who specialise in handling child sexual abuse crimes in Kebumen.
