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Data sharing not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analysed during the current study.
Beverly Kosmach‐Park
Domestic Violence against Children and Adolescents (DVCA) is considered a social and public health problem, which occurs in the private space of the family. Mothers are among those who most violate their children because they are the main ones responsible for their care. This review analyzed the articles published in the last 12 years that dealt with maternal violence. It was found that most of the studies were qualitative, written in Portuguese, carried out in Brazil, and in the area of psychology. The high production by Brazilian authors shows that this phenomenon has become visible in the country. Physical violence and neglect were the most highlighted and the mothers participating in the studies were mostly from lower socioeconomic classes. There is a gap regarding the inclusion of mothers with other socioeconomic characteristics and from other countries. The content of the articles provided a wealth of information about the life histories and personalities of these women, but only a minority explored the relational vicissitudes of the mother-child dyads, which could result in more comprehensive and effective intervention proposals in the context of DVCA.
Carolina Rizzatto Martins Padilha
Children born to women with substance use disorders are at high risk for early foster care placement, which is associated with long-term adverse outcomes for children and places additional pressure on state budgets. Poor outcomes for drug-dependent mothers and their children may be further exacerbated by a lack of coordination between the health care and human services sectors. Project Nurture is an innovative model in Portland, Oregon, that integrates maternity care, substance use treatment, and social service coordination for Medicaid beneficiaries. This study assessed the impact of Project Nurture on a range of patient and child welfare outcomes. Among the "treatment" population of opioid-dependent women enrolled in Medicaid, Project Nurture was associated with reductions in child maltreatment, placement of children in foster care, and increases in both prenatal visits and maternal lengths-of-stay in the hospital, compared to opioid-dependent women enrolled in Medicaid in Oregon counties not served by the project. These results suggest that models based in a clinical setting that engage the human services sector may improve overall outcomes, even though the difficulty in sharing savings across sectors presents challenges to sustainability.
Kenneth John McConnell, Menolly R. Kaufman, Jenny I. Grunditz et al.
Every year in Indonesia there are various cases of sexual violence against children whose quantity is increasing every year. Protection of children from all threats of crime that can threaten their survival is contained in the constitution of the State of Indonesia as a country that upholds law and human rights. When children experience incidents of sexual violence, their future will be threatened due to psychological, mental and social trauma factors. Therefore, in this paper, the author wants to examine how to handle cases of sexual violence in Indonesia from a legal and victimological perspective by identifying the problem, namely how is legal protection for children as victims in cases of sexual violence and how is the perspective of victimology in this case the study of victims in acts of violence. crime or crime.
Raden Muhammad Arvy Ilyasa
From Uganda to Jamaica to the USA, violence against children at schools is widespread.1Hillis S Mercy J Amobi A Kress H Global prevalence of past-year violence against children: a systematic review and minimum estimates.Pediatrics. 2016; 137e20154079Crossref PubMed Scopus (353) Google Scholar, 2Devries K Knight L Petzold M et al.Who perpetrates violence against children? A systematic analysis of age and sex specific data.BMJ Paediatr Open. 2018; 2e000180Crossref PubMed Scopus (55) Google Scholar Teachers are often the perpetrator of this violence,3Gershoff ET School corporal punishment in global perspective: prevalence, outcomes, and efforts at intervention.Psychol Health Med. 2017; 22: 224-239Crossref PubMed Scopus (57) Google Scholar using corporal punishment and sexual and emotional violence against their students. Surprisingly, national prevalence data on teacher violence against children are still not routinely collected in most countries, but surveys show that 90% of primary school students in some areas of Uganda,4Devries KM Child JC Allen E Walakira E Parkes J Naker D School violence, mental health and educational performance in Uganda.Pediatrics. 2014; 133: e129-e137Crossref PubMed Scopus (64) Google Scholar more than 90% in Jamaica,5Baker-Henningham H Meeks-Gardner J Chang S Walker S Experiences of violence and deficits in academic achievement among urban primary school children in Jamaica.Child Abuse Negl. 2009; 33: 296-306Crossref PubMed Scopus (38) Google Scholar and 7% of students in Mississippi, USA6Gershoff ET Font SA Corporal punishment in US public schools: prevalence, disparities in use, and status in state and federal policy.Soc Policy Rep. 2016; 30: 1Crossref PubMed Google Scholar have experienced physical violence from teachers.3Gershoff ET School corporal punishment in global perspective: prevalence, outcomes, and efforts at intervention.Psychol Health Med. 2017; 22: 224-239Crossref PubMed Scopus (57) Google Scholar Despite this high prevalence, and the range of known negative health and social impacts of exposure to violence in childhood,7Norman RE Byambaa M De R Butchart A Scott J Vos T The long-term health consequences of child physical abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect: a systematic review and meta-analysis.PLoS Med. 2012; 9e1001349Crossref PubMed Scopus (1540) Google Scholar there are few interventions available to address violence from teachers towards students that have been robustly evaluated. In The Lancet Global Health, Helen Baker-Henningham and colleagues8Baker-Henningham H Bowers M Francis T Vera-Hernández M Walker SP The Irie Classroom Toolbox, a universal violence-prevention teacher-training programme, in Jamaican preschools: a single-blind, cluster-randomised controlled trial.Lancet Glob Health. 2021; 9: e456-e468Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (7) Google Scholar have published results from their cluster randomised controlled trial of the Irie Classroom Toolbox intervention to reduce violence from teachers towards children in pre-primary schools (aged 3–6 years) in Kingston, Jamaica. The Irie Classroom Toolbox was adapted from the Incredible Years intervention in the USA and refined over a decade.9Baker-Henningham H Walker S Powell C Meeks Gardner J A pilot study of the Incredible Years Teacher Training programme and a curriculum unit on social and emotional skills in community pre-schools in Jamaica.Child Care Health Dev. 2009; 35: 624-631Crossref PubMed Scopus (61) Google Scholar The intervention is explicitly teacher-focused and aims to help “teachers to gain skills, motivation, and opportunity to use positive discipline techniques”.8Baker-Henningham H Bowers M Francis T Vera-Hernández M Walker SP The Irie Classroom Toolbox, a universal violence-prevention teacher-training programme, in Jamaican preschools: a single-blind, cluster-randomised controlled trial.Lancet Glob Health. 2021; 9: e456-e468Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (7) Google Scholar Teachers are supported via an initial 5-day workshop, and monthly hour-long, in-classroom, follow-up sessions over 8 months. Baker-Henningham and colleagues'8Baker-Henningham H Bowers M Francis T Vera-Hernández M Walker SP The Irie Classroom Toolbox, a universal violence-prevention teacher-training programme, in Jamaican preschools: a single-blind, cluster-randomised controlled trial.Lancet Glob Health. 2021; 9: e456-e468Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (7) Google Scholar well documented and careful process of adaptation resulted in an intervention that significantly reduced teachers' use of violence. At 12 months post-intervention, 44 (42%) of 105 teachers in the intervention group but only 27 (32%) of 85 teachers in the control group used no physical violence against their pre-primary pupils over the previous 2 days. The Irie Classroom Toolbox is highly relevant for resource-poor environments, as it does not require teachers to have pre-existing expertise. It is also simple to implement and is therefore likely to be adaptable to diverse settings. These results are particularly interesting because the intervention is implemented in pre-primary schools, and it is likely that preventing experiences of violence against children at this early age will have knock-on positive effects for children's health and positive development. This one intervention might pay long-term dividends across multiple sectors. Although these findings are encouraging, the work of preventing violence from teachers towards students is still at an early stage. Further research is needed in at least four broad areas. First, we need to develop a deeper understanding of why teacher violence continues to be widespread in different countries and learning environments, so that we can successfully challenge this behaviour. Second, we need much more research to develop and systematically test different intervention models to address teacher violence, which also account for children's varying experiences of violence as they navigate through pre-primary and primary schools, secondary schools, and tertiary education. Third, we need research on the geographical, socioeconomic, and cultural contexts that might be contributing to normalising teachers' use of violence, so that we can understand the systems that underpin both continued use and cessation of violence. Fourth, we need investments to adapt the few proven intervention models into scalable programmes that can be widely implemented. Finally, we should also invest in refining research methods so that we can collect data to monitor school violence in a safe way. Baker-Henningham and colleagues' study8Baker-Henningham H Bowers M Francis T Vera-Hernández M Walker SP The Irie Classroom Toolbox, a universal violence-prevention teacher-training programme, in Jamaican preschools: a single-blind, cluster-randomised controlled trial.Lancet Glob Health. 2021; 9: e456-e468Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (7) Google Scholar successfully used observations to document teacher behaviours. Such observations might provide more objective measures about some forms of violence and are crucial for documenting the experiences of younger children who cannot self-report their experiences. However, direct observations are likely to influence teacher behaviour, and in trials of anti-violence interventions, will introduce bias in the same direction as any intervention effect. Conversely, self-reports might lead to underestimates of prevalence, especially for more hidden or stigmatised forms of violence. Careful thinking about how to measure the effects of interventions is required. Care must also be taken to ensure that children who experience abuse, and teachers who use severe forms of violence, are referred to existing structures for further support. This can be especially challenging in settings where referral systems are weak and under-resourced. Despite these considerable challenges, schools afford us a great opportunity for interventions that have implications for children well beyond their cognitive development. Schools are governed by public policy, and routinely gather large numbers of children in the presence of adults with a duty of care. Therein lies an opportunity for influencing attitudes, beliefs, and behaviours, and therefore cost-effective prevention of violence against children. KMD reports grants from the UK Medical Research Council, an anonymous donor, the Economic and Social Research Council, and the Center for Global Development, and regularly receives grant funding to study prevention and response to violence in childhood from government and private donors. DN regularly receives grants from private foundations and other funding agencies for developing interventions and undertaking research on preventing violence against children. The Irie Classroom Toolbox, a universal violence-prevention teacher-training programme, in Jamaican preschools: a single-blind, cluster-randomised controlled trialIn Jamaican preschools, the Irie Classroom Toolbox effectively reduced violence against children by teachers. The Toolbox was designed for use with undertrained teachers working in low-resource settings and should be effective with early childhood practitioners in other LMICs. Additional research is needed to further develop the Toolbox to reduce class-wide child aggression. Full-Text PDF Open Access
Karen M. Devries, Dipak Naker
Decety et al. posited that family religiosity has a negative effect on children’s altruism. However, a constructive reading of developmental psychologists suggests that religious nurture can enhance young children’s moral development. Bloom and Harris offered evidence that infants and toddlers exhibit moral sensibilities and preschoolers engage the world through charitable epistemologies primed toward consensus and care. Engel provided insight into the role of curiosity in exploring difference in the world. Taken together, their findings suggest new ways that religious nurture might promote prosocial behaviors congruent with religious and social tolerance.
Karen‐Marie Yust
Abstract Introduction – Ayurveda encompasses a wide range of practices within pediatric care especially plays a pivotal role in nurturing infants by offering safe and effective approaches not only for disease treatment but also for maintaining overall health in this span of age. Acharyas offered their insights on all aspects of newborn and infant care, spanning from birth until the newborn's complete stability. Methods - This study was completed by gathering the knowledge from classical Ayurvedic literature, research articles, guidelines, and PubMed and MedLine databases. Results and Discussion- This study investigates traditional Ayurvedic methods for infant care placing particular attention on evaluating the safety and effectiveness of these practices within the framework of neonatal and infant healthcare upto the age of one year. Conclusion –Kaumarbhritya is seen as the first direct assistance provided by the science of Ayurveda to a newborn upon his debut in this new world, directing him towards a healthy lifestyle in the future and bringing out the finest version of himself. This paper offers an overview of the literary contributions and historical traditional medical practices of healthcare in the domain of Balachikitsa mainly of neonatal and infancy period.The goal is to underscore the significance of research grounded in evidence and its integration into hidden principles concerning neonatal and infant issues described in Ayurveda.
Archit Kumar, Brahm Dutt Sharma, Nisha Kumari Ojha
Indigenous cultures have been under significant attack in Canada since first contact with Europeans. This has resulted in significant harm to Indigenous Peoples and particularly to youth in state care, who often struggle with their identity when they are placed in non-Indigenous out-of-home settings. Developing protective ways of countering this is compounded by the lack of understanding of identity development amongst Indigenous youth. This article reviews theories of Indigenous identity development and their implications for Indigenous children, particularly those caught in the nexus of two cultures, as is the case with those in state care.
Ashley L. Quinn
Hope has long been viewed as important to individuals attempting to overcome obstacles. Overall hope is the combination of one's appraisal of capability and determination to achieve goals (Agency) and identifying viable routes to reach them (Pathway) (Snyder, 1994). The main goal of this study was to examine the incremental contribution of mentoring to hope among youth on the verge of leaving care above and beyond related personal characteristics and placement history. The sample included 148 adolescents in residential care in Israel who had adult mentors (ages 16-19). Results showed that lower levels of parental education and being in a welfare residential placement were associated with decreased levels of hope. Mentoring length and various mentoring functions ("role model," "parental figure," and "independence promoter") were found to have a significant contribution to the prediction of hope above and beyond associated individual and placement variables. Based upon these findings, residential care leaders should recruit and select mentors for longevity, and train mentors to serve as role models and parental figures who focus on independent living in order to influence hope among youth who are about to leave care. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
Yafit Sulimani‐Aidan, Eran Melkman, Chan M. Hellman
OBJECTIVE: Caregivers require tangible (e.g. food and financial) and intangible resources to provide care to ensure child health, nutrition and development. Intangible resources include beliefs and knowledge, education, self-efficacy, perceived physical health, mental health, healthy stress levels, social support, empowerment, equitable gender attitudes, safety and security and time sufficiency. These intangible caregiver resources are included as intermediate outcomes in nutrition conceptual frameworks yet are rarely measured as part of maternal and child nutrition research or evaluations. To facilitate their measurement, this scoping review focused on understudied caregiver resources that have been measured during the complementary feeding period in low- and lower-middle-income countries. DESIGN: We screened 9,232 abstracts, reviewed 277 full-text articles and included 163 articles that measured caregiver resources related to complementary feeding or the nutritional status of children 6 months to 2 years of age. RESULTS: We identified measures of each caregiver resource, though the number of measures and quality of descriptions varied widely. Most articles (77 %) measured only one caregiver resource, mental health (n 83) and social support (n 54) most frequently. Psychometric properties were often reported for mental health measures, but less commonly for other constructs. Few studies reported adapting measures for specific contexts. Existing measures for mental health, equitable gender attitudes, safety and security and time sufficiency were commonly used; other constructs lacked standardised measures. CONCLUSIONS: Measurement of caregiver resources during the complementary feeding period is limited. Measuring caregiver resources is essential for prioritising caregivers and understanding how resources influence child care, feeding and nutrition.
Hope C. Craig, Katherine Lynn Dickin, Amanda A. Zongrone et al.
